-Delile
- Kuyini ukuvumelana?
- Izindleko zokubambisana
- Izinhlobo Zokuvumelana
- Izibonelo Zokubambisana
- Ukubambisana phakathi kwezintuthwane ezisika amaqabunga nesikhunta
- Ukuvumelana phakathi kwama-rumen kanye nezilwanyana ezincane ezi-ruminant
- Ukuvumelana phakathi komuhlwa ne-actinobacteria
- Mutualism phakathi izintuthwane kanye aphid
- Ukubumbana phakathi kwezilwane ezidla izitshalo nezitshalo
Ngo- ubudlelwane phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo zihlala esinye sezihloko ezisemqoka zesifundo esifundweni sesayensi. Ngokuyinhloko, ukusebenzisana kuye kwafundwa kabanzi, futhi okwamanje amacala amangalisa kakhulu okuvumelana kwezilwane aqhubeka nokuvela. Uma kuze kube muva nje bekukholelwa ukuthi kunamacala lapho uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lusizakala kolunye, namuhla siyazi ukuthi kuhlale kunokuphindana kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano, okungukuthi, kuzuzwa ezinhlangothini zombili.
Kule ndatshana yezilwane zePerito, sizochaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini mutualism e biology, izinhlobo ezikhona futhi sizobona nezibonelo ezithile. Thola konke mayelana naleli fomu lobudlelwano phakathi kwezilwane. Ukufunda okuhle!
Kuyini ukuvumelana?
Mutualism wuhlobo lobudlelwano bokufanelana. Kulobu budlelwano, abantu ababili bezinhlobo ezahlukene inzuzo bobudlelwano phakathi kwabo, ukuthola okuthile (ukudla, isiphephelo, njll.) abangakwazanga ukukuthola ngaphandle kobukhona bezinye izinhlobo. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungadidanisi ukubambisana ne-symbiosis. THE umehluko phakathi kokuvumelana nokubambisana uhlala kulokho mutualism uhlobo lwe-symbiosis phakathi kwabantu ababili.
Kungenzeka impela ukuthi yonke inyama eplanethi yethu yoMhlaba ngandlela thile ihlotshaniswa nokuncane okunye okunye kohlobo lwenhlobo ehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi lolu hlobo lobudlelwano belubalulekile emlandweni wokuvela, ngokwesibonelo, bewumphumela wokuvumelana umsuka weseli le-eukaryotic, O ukubukeka kwezitshalo ngaphezulu kobuso bomhlaba noma i- ukuhlukahluka kwe-angiosperm noma izitshalo eziqhakazayo.
Izindleko zokubambisana
Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuvumelana kwakuyi- isenzo sokuzidela ngezinto eziphilayo. Kulezi zinsuku, kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu akunjalo, nokuthi iqiniso lokuthatha komunye umuntu into ongeke ukwazi ukuyikhiqiza noma ukuyithola linezindleko.
Lokhu kunjalo ngezimbali ezikhiqiza umpe ukuheha izinambuzane, ukuze impova inamathele esilwaneni futhi ihlakazeka. Esinye isibonelo yileso sezitshalo ezinezithelo eziyinyama lapho izilwane ezingadli kahle zithatha khona isithelo bese zisabalalisa imbewu ngemuva kokudlula emgudwini wazo wokugaya ukudla. Ezitshalweni, ukudala izithelo kuyi- ukusetshenziswa kwemali enkulu lokho kubazuzisa kancane ngqo.
Noma kunjalo, ukutadisha nokuthola imiphumela ezwakalayo mayelana nokuthi izindleko zikhulu kangakanani kumuntu kuwumsebenzi onzima. Okubalulekile ukuthi ezingeni lezilwane nasezingeni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, mutualism isu evumayo.
Izinhlobo Zokuvumelana
Ukuhlukanisa nokuqonda kangcono ubudlelwano obuhlukene bokusebenzisana ku-biology, lobu budlelwane buchazwe ngamaqembu amaningi:
- Ukubambisana okuphoqelekile kanye nokuvumelana ngokuzithandela: ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganayo kukhona uhla lapho inani labantu lingaba yimbumba ehlangene lapho, ngaphandle kobukhona bezinye izinhlobo, ingeke ikwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile, kanye nama-facultative mutualists, angaphila ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomunye umuntu ohlangene.
- Ukusebenzisana kweTrophic: Kulolu hlobo lokusebenzisana, abantu abathintekayo bathola noma balulaze izakhi zomzimba kanye nama-ions abawadingayo ukuze baphile. Imvamisa, kulolu hlobo lokuzwana, izinto ezithintekayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyisilwane esiyi-heterotrophic, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, yisidalwa esiyi-autotrophic. Akufanele sididanise ukuvumelana kanye nokuhlanganyela. Ekubambisaneni, esinye sezidalwa sithola izinzuzo kanti esinye asitholi lutho ebuhlotsheni.
- mutualism ukuzivikela: ukuvumelana ngokuzivikela kwenzeka lapho omunye wabantu abathintekayo ethola umvuzo (ukudla noma isiphephelo) ngokuvikela olunye uhlobo oluyingxenye yokubambisana.
- mutualism ehlakazekile: le mutualism yiyona eyenzeka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane nemifino, ukuze izinhlobo zezilwane zithole ukudla futhi, imifino, ukusabalalisa impova yayo, imbewu noma izithelo.
Izibonelo Zokubambisana
Ebudlelwaneni obuhlukene bokuphikisana kungaba nezinhlobo eziyizibopho zezinhlangothi zombili ezithintekayo nezingamakhosi. Kungenzeka kwenzeke ukuthi esigabeni esisodwa kuba nokuvumelana okuyimpoqo futhi, kwesinye isigaba, kuyakhethwa. Okunye ukubambisana (i-trophic, ukuzivikela noma ukuhlakazeka) kungaphoqeleka noma kungakhethwa, kuya ngobudlelwano. Bheka ezinye izibonelo zokuvumelana:
Ukubambisana phakathi kwezintuthwane ezisika amaqabunga nesikhunta
Izintuthwane ezisika amaqabunga azondli ngqo ezitshalweni eziziqoqayo, esikhundleni salokho dala izingadi ezintuthwaneni zabo lapho bebeka khona amaqabunga asikiwe bese bebeka kuwo i- mycelium yefungus, ezondla eqabungeni. Ngemuva kokuba ukhunta lukhule, izintuthwane zondla imizimba yazo yezithelo. Lobu budlelwane buyisibonelo se mutualism trophic.
Ukuvumelana phakathi kwama-rumen kanye nezilwanyana ezincane ezi-ruminant
Esinye isibonelo esicacile se-trophic mutualism yileso sezilwane ezidlayo. Lezi zilwane zidla kakhulu ngotshani. Lolu hlobo lokudla ludlulele ngokweqile ecebile cellulose, uhlobo lwe-polysaccharide olungenakululazeka ngamaruminants ngaphandle kokubambisana kwezidalwa ezithile. Ama-microorganisms abekwe ku-rumen kwehlisa izindonga ze-cellulose ezitshalweni, ukuthola izakhamzimba kanye nokukhulula ezinye izakhamzimba ezingafakwa yisilwane esincelisayo. Lolu hlobo lobudlelwano yi- mutualism okuphoqelekile, kokubili ama-ruminants kanye nama-bacterium e-rumen awanakuphila ngaphandle komunye nomunye.
Ukuvumelana phakathi komuhlwa ne-actinobacteria
Imuhlwa, yokwandisa izinga lomzimba lokuvikela iziduli, zakha izidleke zazo ngendle yazo. Lezi zinqwaba, lapho ziqina, zinokubonakala okujiyile okuvumela ukwanda kwe-actinobacteria. Lawa magciwane enza isithiyo ngokumelene nokwanda kwesikhunta. Ngakho-ke, umuhlwa uthola ukuvikeleka futhi amabhaktheriya athola ukudla, okuyisibonelo sendaba mutualism ukuzivikela.
Mutualism phakathi izintuthwane kanye aphid
Ezinye izintuthwane zidla iziphuzo ezinoshukela ezixoshwa ama-aphid. Ngenkathi izintwala zidla ubumuncu bezitshalo, izintuthwane ziphuza ujusi onoshukela. Uma kukhona izidumbu ezizama ukuphazamisa ama-aphid, izintuthwane ngeke zinqikaze ukuvikela izintwala, umthombo wokudla kwakho okuyinhloko. Kuyicala lokuvumelana ngokuzivikela.
Ukubumbana phakathi kwezilwane ezidla izitshalo nezitshalo
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezilwane ezingadli kakhulu nezitshalo ezondlayo buqine kangangokuba, ngokocwaningo oluningi, uma ezinye zalezi zilwane ziphela noma zincipha ngenani, izithelo zezitshalo zizokwehla ngosayizi.
Izilwane ezi-frugivorous zikhetha i- izithelo ezinamanzi amaningi nezidonsa amehlo, ngakho-ke, kukhona ukukhethwa kwezithelo ezinhle kakhulu yilezi zilwane. Ngenxa yokushoda kwezilwane, izitshalo azizenzi izithelo ezinkulu kangaka noma, uma zikhona, ngeke kube nasilwane esinesifiso saso, ngakho-ke ngeke kube khona ingcindezi enhle yokuthi lesi sithelo sibe isihlahla ngokuzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izitshalo, ukuthuthukisa izithelo ezinkulu, zidinga ukuthenwa okuyingxenye yalezi zithelo. O mutualism ehlakazekile empeleni akudingeki kuphela lezo zinhlobo ezithintekayo, kodwa futhi ne-ecosystem.
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Mutualism in Biology - Incazelo Nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.