Umbuso wezilwane: ukuhlukaniswa, izici nezibonelo

Umlobi: John Stephens
Usuku Lokudalwa: 22 Ujanuwari 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 20 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
Umbuso wezilwane: ukuhlukaniswa, izici nezibonelo - Izifufuzo Ezifuywayo
Umbuso wezilwane: ukuhlukaniswa, izici nezibonelo - Izifufuzo Ezifuywayo

-Delile

O umbuso wezilwane noma i-metazoa, eyaziwa ngokuthi umbuso wezilwane, ifaka izinto eziphilayo ezihluke kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezikala ngaphansi kwamamilimitha, njengama-rotifers amaningi; kodwa kukhona nezilwane ezingafinyelela kumamitha angama-30, nomkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abanye bahlala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile, kanti abanye bangasinda ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Yilokho okwenzeka olwandle nase-tardigrade, ngokulandelana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zingaba lula njengesiponji noma zibe yinkimbinkimbi njengabantu. Kodwa-ke, zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zivumelane kahle nendawo yazo yokuhlala, futhi ngenxa yakhe, zisindile kuze kube namuhla. Ngabe ufuna ukuhlangana nabo? Ungaphuthelwa le ndatshana yePeritoAnimal mayelana umbuso wezilwane: ukuhlukaniswa, izici nezibonelo.


Ukwahlukaniswa kwezilwane

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kufaka izinhlobo zezilwane ezincane kakhulu ukuthi azibonakali ngamehlo, futhi azaziwa. Ngenxa yokwehlukahluka okukhulu kwala maqembu ezilwane, ake sikhulume nge-phyla noma izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezilwane. Zimi kanje:

  • ama-porifers (I-Phylum Porifera).
  • AmaCnidarians (I-Phylum Cnidaria).
  • I-Platyhelminths (I-Phylum Platyhelminthes).
  • Ama-Molluscs (UPhylum Mollusca).
  • ama-annelids (I-Phylum Anellida).
  • Ama-Nematode (UPhylum Nematode).
  • Ama-arthropods (I-Phylum Arthropod).
  • Ama-Echinoderms (I-Phylum Echinodermata).
  • Izintambo (UPhylum Chordata).

Kamuva, sizoshiya uhlu lwezinto ezingaziwa kakhulu embusweni wezilwane.

I-Porifers (Phylum Porifera)

IPoriferous phylum ifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-9,000 ezaziwayo. Iningi lazo zasolwandle, yize kunezinhlobo ezingama-50 zamanzi ahlanzekile. Sibhekisa ku- izipanji, ezinye izilwane ezi-sessile ezihlala zinamathiselwe ku-substrate bese zondla ngokuhlunga amanzi azizungezile. Izibungu zazo, noma kunjalo, zihamba futhi zihamba nge-pelagic, ngakho-ke ziyingxenye yeplankton.


Izibonelo zePorifers

Nazi izibonelo ezithokozisayo zama-porifers:

  • isiponji sengilazi(Euplectellaaspergillus): bahlala ama-crustaceans ambalwa ohlobo lohlobo Spongola abathanda kakhulu.
  • Isipanji seHermit (Ama-Suberites domuncula): ikhula emagobolondweni asetshenziswa izinkalankala futhi asebenzise ithuba lokuhamba kwawo ukubamba izakhamzimba.

AmaCnidarians (i-Phylum Cnidaria)

Iqembu lama-cnidarian lingenye ye-phyla ethakazelisa kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Iqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-9,000 zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ezasolwandle. Zibonakala ngokuthi, kukho konke ukukhula kwazo, zingaveza izinhlobo ezimbili zempilo: polyps kanye ne-jellyfish.


Ama-polyps angama-benthic futhi ahlala enamathiselwe ku-substrate olwandle. Bavame ukwakha amakoloni aziwa ngokuthi amakhorali. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuzala kabusha, izinhlobo eziningi ziguquka zibe izidalwa ze-pelagic ezintanta emanzini. Zaziwa njenge-jellyfish.

Izibonelo zama-cnidarians

  • I-caravel yesiPutukezi (I-Physalia physalis): akuyona i-jellyfish, kepha ikoloni elintantayo elenziwa i-jellyfish encane.
  • i-anemone enhle kakhulu(I-Heteractis enhle kakhulu): i-polyp enezintambo ezihlabayo phakathi kwezinye izinhlanzi ze-clown ezihlala khona.

I-Platyhelminths (i-Phylum Platyhelminthes)

I-flatworm phylum iqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 ezaziwa ngokuthi izibungu eziyisicaba. Lingelinye lamaqembu esatshwa kakhulu embusweni wezilwane ngenxa yesimo salo sokuphindaphindeka njalo. Kodwa-ke, ama-flatworms amaningi ayizilwane eziphila mahhala. Iningi liyi-hermaphrodite futhi usayizi wazo uyahluka phakathi kwamamilimitha namamitha amaningi.

Izibonelo zezikelemu

Nazi ezinye izibonelo ze-flatworms:

  • Tapeen (I-Taenia solium): isibungu esikhulu esicaba esikhubaza izingulube nabantu.
  • Amaplanethi(I-Pseudoceros spp.): izibungu eziyisicaba ezihlala ngaphansi kolwandle. Bayizidlakela futhi bagqama ngobuhle babo obukhulu.

Ungaba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi obani abazali abangcono kakhulu embusweni wezilwane.

I-Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)

I-Phyllum Mollusca ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane futhi ifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-75,000 ezaziwayo. Lokhu kubandakanya izinhlobo zasolwandle, amanzi ahlanzekile nezinhlobo zasemhlabeni. Babonakala ngokuba nomzimba othambile kanye nekhono lokwenza owabo amagobolondo noma amathambo.

Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zama-molluscs ngama-gastropods (iminenke nama-slugs), ama-cephalopods (squid, octopus kanye nautilus) kanye nama-bivalves (izimbaza nama-oysters),

Izibonelo ze-shellfish

Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokufuna ukwazi kwama-molluscs:

  • Ama-slugs olwandle (discodoris spp.): ama-gastropods asolwandle amahle kakhulu.
  • I-Nautilus (UNautilus spp.): ama-cephalopods anamashelili abhekwa njengezinto eziphilayo.
  • izimbaza ezinkulu (tridacne spp.): yizimbangi ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona futhi ezingafinyelela usayizi wamamitha amabili.

Ama-Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

Iqembu lama-annelids lakhiwe yizinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-13,000 ezaziwayo futhi, njengeqembu langaphambilini, lifaka izinhlobo ezivela olwandle, amanzi angenasawoti nomhlaba. Ngaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane, yilokhu izilwane ezihlukanisiwe futhi ehluke kakhulu. Kunezigaba ezintathu noma izinhlobo zama-annelids: ama-polychaetes (ama-marine worms), ama-oligochaetes (ama-land worm) nama-hirudinomorphs (ama-leeches nezinye izinambuzane).

Izibonelo ze annelids

Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokufuna ukwazi ngama-annelids:

  • Izikelemu zothuli (umndeni Sabellidae): kujwayelekile ukubadida ngamakhorali, kepha angomunye wama-annelid amahle kakhulu akhona.
  • I-Giant Amazon Leech (Haementeria ghilianii): ingenye yezingulube ezinkulu emhlabeni.

Isithombe sesibili sithathwe ku-YouTube.

I-Nematode (Phylum Nematoda)

I-nematode phylum, naphezu kokubonakala, ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane. Kufaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-25,000 ze- izikelemu cylindrical. Lezi zibungu zenze ikoloni kuzo zonke izindawo futhi zitholakala kuwo wonke amazinga okudla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangaba nezidalwa ezinamaphiko amaningi, izilwane ezidla ezinye noma izinambuzane, lezi ezaziwa kangcono kamuva.

Izibonelo zamaNematode

Nazi ezinye izibonelo zama-nematode:

  • Soy nematode (I-Heterodera glycines): izimuncagazi zezimpande zesoya, okudala izinkinga ezinkulu ezitshalweni.
  • Amafilimu enhliziyo (I-Dirofilaria immitis): yizibungu ezonakalisa inhliziyo namaphaphu ezinja (izinja, izimpisi, njll.).

Ama-arthropods (i-Phylum Arthropoda)

IPhylum Arthropoda iyi O iqembu elihluke kakhulu nelichichimayo lombuso wezilwane. Ukwahlukaniswa kwalezi zilwane kufaka ama-arachnids, ama-crustaceans, ama-myriapods nama-hexapods, phakathi kwawo okutholakala zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane.

Zonke lezi zilwane zinakho izithasiselo ezichaziwe (imilenze, izimpondo, izimpiko njll) kanye nesiphetho esingaphandle esaziwa ngokuthi i-cuticle. Ngesikhathi somjikelezo wempilo yabo, bashintsha i-cuticle amahlandla amaningi futhi abaningi banezibungu kanye / noma ama-nymphs. Lapho lokhu kwehluke kakhulu kubantu abadala, babhekana nenqubo yokuguqulwa kwesimo.

Izibonelo ze-Arthropods

Ukukhombisa ukwehluka kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, sikushiya nezibonelo ezithile zokuthakazelisa zama-arthropods:

  • izicabucabu zolwandle (I-Pycnogonum spngoba.): yizinhlobo zomndeni wakwaPycnogonidae, izicabucabu zasolwandle kuphela ezikhona.
  • Bona (ama-pollicipes ama-pollicipes): bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi ama-barnacle angama-crustaceans, njengezinkalankala.
  • I-centipede yaseYurophu (Scolopendra cingulata): yisikhulu esikhulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. Udosi lwayo lunamandla kakhulu, kepha kuyaqabukela lukwazi ukubulala.
  • Intuthwane yebhubesi (i-myrmeleon formicarius): yizinambuzane ezingenayo i-neuropterous lapho izibungu zazo zihlala zingcwatshwe emhlabathini ngaphansi komthombo omise okwenziwe ngesigaxa. Lapho, balinda ukuthi amazinyo abo awela emlonyeni wabo.

Ama-Echinoderms (i-Phylum Echinodermata)

I-phylum yama-echinoderms ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-7,000 ezibonakala ngokuba ukulinganisa okuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba wakho ungahlukaniswa ube izingxenye ezinhlanu ezilinganayo. Kulula ukucabanga lapho sazi ukuthi ziyizilwane ezinjani: izinyoka, iminduze, ukhukhamba, izinkanyezi nemichamo yolwandle.

Ezinye izici zama-echinoderms ngamathambo awo we-limestone kanye nohlelo lwawo lweziteshi zangaphakathi lapho kugeleza khona amanzi olwandle. Imibungu nayo ihluke kakhulu, ngoba inokulinganisa okulinganayo futhi iyalahleka njengoba umjikelezo wayo wempilo udlula. Ungabazi kangcono kule ndatshana yokukhiqiza kabusha i-starfish.

Izibonelo zama-echinoderms

Lawa ngamanye amalungu ombuso wezilwane weqembu lama-echinoderms:

  • I-Indo-Pacific Sea Lily (Lamprometra palmata): njengayo yonke iminduze yasolwandle, zihlala zixhunywe kwi-substrate futhi zinemilomo endaweni ephakeme, eduze kwendunu.
  • Ikhukhamba lokubhukuda (IPelagothurianatatrix): ungomunye wababhukudi abahamba phambili eqenjini lekhukhamba lasolwandle. Ukubukeka kwayo kuyefana ne-jellyfish.
  • Umqhele wameva (Ithafa lase-Acanthaster): Le starfish enamandla izondla ngama-polyps e-cnidarian (coral).

Izintambo (Phylum Chordata)

Iqembu le-chordate lifaka izinto ezaziwa kakhulu embusweni wezilwane, njengoba kuyi-phylum okungeyabantu nabantu abafanele. Zibonakala ngokuba ne- amathambo angaphakathi lokho kugijima lonke ubude besilwane. Lokhu kungaba yi-notochord eguquguqukayo, kuzindlela zokuqala kakhulu; noma ikholomu yomgogodla kuma-vertebrate.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke lezi zilwane zine- intambo yomgogodla (umgogodla), imfantu epharyngeal, nomsila ongemuva, okungenani ngesikhathi esithile ekukhuleni kombungu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane eziboshwe ngezintambo

Izinkinga zihlukaniswe, zaba ama-subphylum alandelayo noma izinhlobo zezilwane:

  • Urochord: yizilwane zasemanzini. Iningi labo lihlala linamathiselwe ku-substrate futhi linezibungu eziphila mahhala. Zonke zinesembozo esivikelayo esaziwa njengengubo.
  • Cephalochordate: yizilwane ezincane kakhulu, zinwetshiwe futhi zinomzimba osobala ophila ingxenye engcwatshwe ngaphansi kolwandle.
  • Ama-Vertebrates: kufaka phakathi izinto ezaziwa kakhulu ngaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane: izinhlanzi nama-tetrapods (izilwane eziphila ezweni, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo).

ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane

Ngaphezu kwe-phyla enegama, ekuhlukanisweni kombuso wezilwane kunabanye abaningi amaqembu amancane amaningi futhi aziwayo. Ukuze singabavumeli bawele eceleni kwendlela, sibaqoqele kulesi sigaba, siqokomisa ngokugqamile ukugcwala nokuthakazelisa kakhulu.

Lezi yizinhlobo zezilwane embusweni wezilwane ongazibizi ngamagama:

  • Ama-Loricifers (I-Phylum Loricifera).
  • Ama-Quinorinums (I-Phylum Kinorhyncha).
  • Ama-Priapulids (I-Phylum Priapulida).
  • Ama-Nematomorphs (I-Phylum nematomorph).
  • Ama-Gastrotrics (I-Phylum Gastrotricha).
  • Ama-Tardigrades (I-Phylum tardirada).
  • Ama-Onychophores (I-Phylum Onychophora).
  • I-Ketognaths (UPhylum Chaetognatha).
  • I-Acanthocephali (I-Phylum Acanthocephala).
  • Ama-Rotifers (I-Phylum Rotifera).
  • I-Micrognathosis (I-Phylum Micrognathozoa).
  • I-Gnatostomulid (I-Phylum Gnatostomulid).
  • Ama-Equiuros (I-Phylum Echiura).
  • Imisipha (UPhylum Sipuncula).
  • Ama-cyclophores (I-Phylum Cycliophora).
  • Ama-Entoproctos (I-Phylum Entoprocta).
  • I-Nemertino (UPhylum Nemertea).
  • Ama-Briozoas (I-Phylum Bryozoa).
  • Ama-Foronides (I-Phylum Phoronide).
  • Ama-Brachiopods (I-Phylum Brachiopoda).

Manje njengoba wazi konke ngombuso wezilwane, ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ne-phyla yombuso wezilwane, ungahle ube nentshisekelo kule vidiyo ngezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zatholakala:

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Umbuso wezilwane: ukuhlukaniswa, izici nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.