-Delile
- yini ama-tetrapods
- Umsuka nokuvela kwama-tetrapods
- Izici zama-tetrapods
- izibonelo zama-tetrapods
- Ama-tetrapods ase-Amphibian
- ama-tetrapods we-sauropsid
- Ama-tetrapods e-Synapsid
Lapho ukhuluma ngama-tetrapods, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi angenye ye- amaqembu e-vertebrate ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphumelele kakhulu eMhlabeni. Bakhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, njengoba, ngenxa yokuthi amalungu abo avele ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, bavumelane nempilo izindawo zasemanzini, zasemhlabeni ngisho nezomoya. Isici saso esibaluleke kakhulu sitholakala kwimvelaphi yamalungu aso, kepha ngabe uyazi incazelo yegama elithi tetrapod? Futhi uyazi ukuthi leli qembu lomgogodla livela kuphi?
Sizokutshela ngemvelaphi nokuvela kwalezi zilwane, izici zazo ezihlaba umxhwele futhi ezibalulekile, futhi sizokukhombisa izibonelo zazo zonke. Uma ufuna ukwazi zonke lezi zinto yama-tetrapods, qhubeka ufunda le ndatshana esikulethela yona lapha ku-PeritoAnimal.
yini ama-tetrapods
Isici esivelele kakhulu saleli qembu lezilwane ukuba khona kwamalungu amane (yingakho igama, tetra = ezine nama-podos = izinyawo). Kuyindlela ye- iqembu le-monophyletic, okungukuthi, bonke abameleli bayo babelana nokhokho ofanayo, kanye nokuba khona kwalawo malungu, akha "intsha yokuvela kwemvelo"(isb. i-synapomorphy) ekhona kuwo wonke amalungu aleli qembu.
Nazi izinto ezihlanganisiwe ama-amphibians nama-amniotes (ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo), zona, ezibonakala ngokuba nazo imilenze ye-pendactyl (eneminwe emi-5) eyakhiwe ngochungechunge lwezingxenye ezichaziwe ezivumela ukunyakaza kwesitho nokuhamba komzimba, futhi lokho kwavela emaphikweni ezinhlanzi ezinhlanzi ezazandulelayo (iSarcopterygium). Ngokuya ngaleli phethini eliyisisekelo lezitho, ukujwayela okuningana kokundiza, ukubhukuda noma ukugijima kwenzeka.
Umsuka nokuvela kwama-tetrapods
Ukunqotshwa komhlaba kwakuyinqubo ende futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ebandakanya ushintsho lwe-morphological and physiological cishe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zemvelo, ezavela kumongo Izinhlelo zemvelo ze-Devonia (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-408-360 edlule), isikhathi lapho i- Tiktaalik, osekuvele kwathathwa njenge-vertebrate yasemhlabeni.
Ukushintshwa kwamanzi kuya emhlabeni cishe kuyisibonelo se "imisebe eguqukayo".Kule nqubo, izilwane ezithola izici ezithile (ezinjengemilenze yakudala yokuhamba noma ikhono lokuphefumula umoya) zihlanganisa izindawo ezintsha ezilungele ukusinda kwazo (ngemithombo yokudla emisha, ingozi encane ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ukuncintisana okuncane nezinye izinhlobo, njll. .). Lezi zinguquko zihlobene nefayela le- umehluko phakathi kwemvelo yasemanzini neyasemhlabeni:
Ngefayela le- ukudlula emanzini kuya ezweni, ama-tetrapods kwakudingeka abhekane nezinkinga njengokuxhasa imizimba yawo emhlabathini owomile, acinene kakhulu kunomoya, kanye namandla adonsela phansi endaweni esemhlabeni. Ngalesi sizathu, uhlelo lwakho lwamathambo lwakhiwe kufayela le- ehlukile kwezinhlanzi, njengakuma-tetrapods kungenzeka ukubona ukuthi ama-vertebrae axhumene ngokusebenzisa izandiso ze-vertebral (zygapophysis) ezivumela umgogodla ukuba uguquke futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, usebenze njengebhuloho lokumisa ukuxhasa isisindo sezitho ezingezansi kwalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunokuthambekela kokuhlukanisa umgogodla ezifundeni ezine noma ezinhlanu, kusuka kugebhezi kuya esifundeni somsila:
- isifunda somlomo wesibeletho: lokho kwandisa ukuhamba kwekhanda.
- Isigodi noma isifunda esisesigodini: ngezimbambo.
- isifunda se-sacral: ihlobene nesifuba futhi idlulisela amandla emilenze ekuqothulweni kwamathambo.
- Isifunda seCaudal noma umsila: nge-vertebrae elula kunaleyo yesiqu.
Izici zama-tetrapods
Izici eziyinhloko zama-tetrapods zimi kanje:
- izimbambo: banezimbambo ezisiza ukuvikela izitho futhi, kuma-tetrapods akudala, banwebeka kuyo yonke ikholomu ye-vertebral. Ama-amphibian anamuhla, ngokwesibonelo, alahlekelwe yizimbambo zawo, futhi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zikhawulelwe kuphela ngaphambili kwesiqu.
- Amaphaphu: nawo, amaphaphu (ayekhona ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-tetrapods futhi esiwahlanganisa nokuphila eMhlabeni) aguquka aba ngabantu abasemanzini, njengama-amphibian, lapho amaphaphu ayizikhwama nje. Kodwa-ke, ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, zihlukaniswe ngezindlela ezahlukene.
- Amaseli ane-keratin: ngakolunye uhlangothi, enye yezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zaleli qembu yindlela abagwema ngayo ukoma komzimba wabo, ngesikali, izinwele kanye nezimpaphe ezakhiwe ngamangqamuzana afile kanye ne-keratinized, okungukuthi, akhuleliswe ngeprotein eyindilinga, i-keratin.
- ukukhiqiza kabusha: enye inkinga ababhekene nayo ngama-tetrapods lapho befika emhlabeni kwakungukwenza ukuzala kwabo kungabi bikho ngaphandle kwemvelo yasemanzini, eyayingenzeka ngeqanda le-amniotic, esimweni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Leli qanda linezingqimba ezahlukahlukene zombungu: i-amnion, i-chorion, i-allantois ne-yolk sac.
- izibungu: ama-amphibians, wona, abonisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzala ezinesimo sesibungu (ngokwesibonelo, onoshobishobi bamaxoxo) abanezifo zangaphandle, futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo wabo wokuzala ukhula emanzini, ngokungafani namanye ama-amphibian, njengamanye ama-salamanders.
- izindlala zamathe nezinye: phakathi kwezinye izici ze-tetrapod, singasho ukwakhiwa kwezindlala zamathe zokugcoba ukudla, ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla, ukuba khona kolimi olukhulu, olunemisipha olusebenza ekubambeni ukudla, njengakwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukuvikelwa nokuthambisa amehlo angena ngezinkophe kanye nezindlala ezinamaqhuqhuva, nokuthwebula umsindo nokudluliselwa kwawo endlebeni engaphakathi.
izibonelo zama-tetrapods
Njengoba kuyiqembu eli-megadiverse, ake sisho izibonelo ezifuna ukwazi kakhulu nezithusayo zohlu ngalunye esingazithola namuhla:
Ama-tetrapods ase-Amphibian
Faka i- amaxoxo (amaxoxo namasele), ama-urode (ama-salamanders nama-newts) futhi ukuzivocavoca noma ama-caecilians. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:
- Ixoxo legolide elinobuthi (I-Phyllobates terribilis): ihlukile ngenxa yombala wayo odonsa iso.
- intulo yomlilo (intulo yokuhleba): ngomklamo wayo omuhle.
- Cecilias (ama-amphibians alahlekelwe yimilenze, okungukuthi, angama-apods): ukubukeka kwawo kufana nokwesibungu, kunabamele abakhulu, njengo-cecilia-thompson (UCaecilia Thompson), ongafinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono la ma-tetrapods athile, ungahle ube nentshisekelo kule enye indatshana ephefumula i-amphibian.
ama-tetrapods we-sauropsid
Kubandakanya izilwane ezihuquzelayo zesimanje, izimfudu nezinyoni. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:
- ikwaya yaseBrazil (Micrurus brasiliensis): ngoshevu wayo onamandla.
- Bulala Bulala (UChelus fimbriatus): Ukufuna ukwazi ukulingisa kwayo okumangazayo.
- izinyoni zepharadesi: ayivelakancane futhi iyathakazelisa njengenyoni kaWilson yepharadesi, enenhlanganisela emangalisayo yemibala.
Ama-tetrapods e-Synapsid
Izilwane ezincelisayo zamanje njenge:
- I-Platypus (I-Ornithorhynchus anatinus): omele ngokwedlulele onamanzi asemanzini.
- ilulwane lempungushe endizayo (I-Acerodon jubatus): esinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
- inkanyezi enekhala lezinkanyezi (I-Crystal condylure): enemikhuba ehlukile kakhulu engaphansi komhlaba.
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Ama-Tetrapods - Incazelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, izici nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.