Izinhlobo ZamaDinosaurs Aphilayo

Umlobi: Peter Berry
Usuku Lokudalwa: 12 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 14 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
Dr Msuthu /ukuwa kwenduku elawini explained.
Ividiyo: Dr Msuthu /ukuwa kwenduku elawini explained.

-Delile

Igama "idayinaso"livela olimini lwesiLatini futhi luyisayensi yemvelo eyaqala ukusetshenziswa ngusosayensi wezimbali uRichard Owen, ehlanganiswe namagama esiGreki"amadinos"(okwesabekayo) no"ama-sauros"(isibankwa), ngakho-ke incazelo yalo engokoqobo ingaba"isibankwa esesabekayo"Igama lilingana neglavu lapho sicabanga ngeJurassic Park, akunjalo?

Lezi zibankwa zazibusa umhlaba wonke futhi zazihamba phambili ochungechungeni lokudla, lapho zahlala khona isikhathi eside, kwaze kwaba ukuphela komzimba okwenzeka emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 edlule.[1]. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi mayelana nalawa ma-saurians amakhulu ahlala emhlabeni wethu, uthole i-athikili elungile kaPeritoAnimal, sizokukhombisa izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous okubaluleke kakhulu, kanye ne- amagama, izici nezithombe. Qhubeka ufunde!


Isikhathi seMesozoic: Isikhathi seDinosaurs

Ukubusa kwama-dinosaurs adla kakhulu futhi adla kakhulu kudlule iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-170 futhi kwaqala iningi le- Isikhathi seMesozoic, esisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi -252.2 kuye kweziyizigidi ezingama -66.0. IMesozoic yathatha iminyaka engaphezulu nje kwezigidi eziyi-186.2 futhi yakhiwa izikhathi ezintathu.

Izinkathi ezintathu zeMesozoic

  1. Isikhathi se-Triassic (phakathi kuka -252.17 no-201.3 MA) yisikhathi esidonse cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-50.9. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-dinosaurs aqala ukukhula. I-Triassic iphinde yahlukaniswa izikhathi ezintathu (i-Lower, Middle ne-Upper Triassic) nayo ehlukaniswe yaba ngamazinga ayisikhombisa we-stratigraphic.
  2. Isikhathi seJurassic (phakathi kuka-201.3 no-145.0 MA) futhi iqukethe izinkathi ezintathu (ezansi, eziphakathi neziphezulu zeJurassic). I-Jurassic engenhla ihlukaniswe yaba amazinga amathathu, i-Jurassic emaphakathi yaba amazinga amane kanti engezansi yaba amazinga amane futhi.
  3. Isikhathi seCretaceous (phakathi kuka-145.0 no-66.0 MA) yisikhathi esibonisa ukunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs nama-ammonite (cephalopod molluscs) ayehlala emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, yini ngempela eyaqeda impilo yama-dinosaurs? Kunemibono emibili emikhulu mayelana nalokho okwenzekile: isikhathi somsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kanye nomthelela we-asteroid eMhlabeni.[1]. Kunoma ikuphi, kukholakala ukuthi umhlaba wawumbozwe amafu amaningi othuli ayengamboza umkhathi futhi anciphise ngokuphelele izinga lokushisa kweplanethi, aze aqede ngisho nokuphila kwama-dinosaurs. Lesi sikhathi esibanzi sehlukaniswe kabili, iLower Cretaceous ne-Upper Cretaceous. Ngokulandelayo, lezi zikhathi ezimbili zehlukaniswe ngamazinga ayisithupha ngayinye. Funda kabanzi ngokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs kulesi sihloko okuchaza ukuthi ama-dinosaurs aqothuka kanjani.

Amaqiniso ama-5 amnandi ngenkathi yeMesozoic okufanele wazi

Manje njengoba usukhona ngaleso sikhathi, ungahle ube nentshisekelo yokwazi okwengeziwe ngeMesozoic, isikhathi lapho la ma-saurian amakhulu ayehlala khona, ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngomlando wawo:


  1. Emuva ngaleso sikhathi, amazwekazi ayengeyona indlela esiyazi ngayo namuhla. Umhlaba wakha izwekazi elilodwa elaziwa ngokuthi "pangea"Lapho i-Triassic iqala, iPangea yahlukaniswa yaba amazwekazi amabili:" iLaurasia "ne" Gondwana ". ILaurasia yakha iNyakatho Melika ne-Eurasia futhi, UGondwana wakha iNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, i-Australia ne-Antarctica. Konke lokhu kwakungenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo.
  2. Isimo sezulu sesikhathi seMesozoic sabonakala ngokufana kwayo. Ucwaningo lwezinsalela luveza ukuthi umhlaba uhlukaniswe waba unezindawo zesimo sezulu ezihlukile: izingongolo, ezazineqhwa, izimila eziphansi namazwe asezintabeni kanye nezindawo ezipholile ngokwengeziwe.
  3. Lesi sikhathi siphela ngokugcwala komkhathi kwe-carbon dioxide, okuyisici esibonisa ngokuphelele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kweplanethi. Izimila zaqala ukungathokozi kakhulu, kuyilapho ama-cycads nama-conifers anda. Ngokwalesi sizathu, yaziwa nangokuthi "Ubudala bamaCycads’.
  4. Isikhathi seMesozoic sibonakala ngokuvela kwama-dinosaurs, kepha bewazi yini ukuthi izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo nazo zaqala ukukhula ngaleso sikhathi? Iqiniso! Ngaleso sikhathi, okhokho bezinye izilwane esizaziyo namuhla base bevele bekhona futhi babhekwa njengokudla ngama-dinosaurs adlayo.
  5. Ungacabanga ukuthi iJurassic Park yayingaba khona ngempela? Yize izazi eziningi zebhayoloji nezimfundamakhwela ziye zacabanga ngalo mcimbi, iqiniso ukuthi ucwaningo olushicilelwe kwiRoyal Society Publishing lukhombisa ukuthi akuhambelani ukuthola izinto zofuzo ezingaguquki, ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene njengezimo zemvelo, izinga lokushisa, ikhemistri yomhlabathi noma unyaka .ukufa kwesilwane, okubangela ukonakala nokuwohloka kwemfucumfucu ye-DNA. Kungenziwa kuphela ngezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi ezigcinwe ezindaweni ezibandayo ezingekho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyisigidi ubudala.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-dinosaurs ezake zaba khona kule ndatshana.


Izibonelo ZamaDinosaurs Aphilayo

Isikhathi sesifikile sokuhlangana nabaphikisi bangempela: izibankwakazi ezidla utshani. La ma-dinosaurs adla kuphela izitshalo namakhambi, namaqabunga njengokudla kwawo okuyinhloko. Bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili, "ama-sauropods", labo abahamba besebenzisa izitho ezine, kanye nama- "ornithopods", angena emilenzeni emibili futhi kamuva aguqukela kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Thola uhlu oluphelele lwamagama ama-dinosaur we-herbivorous, amancane namakhulu:

Amagama we-Dinosaur we-Herbivorous

  • brachiosaurus
  • I-Diplodocus
  • I-Stegosaurus
  • AmaTriceratops
  • Ama-protoceratops
  • Patagotitan
  • apatosaurus
  • I-Camarasurus
  • brontosaurus
  • I-Cetiosaurus
  • I-Styracosaurus
  • dicraeosaurus
  • IGigantspinosaurus
  • ILusotitan
  • Mamenchisaurus
  • I-Stegosaurus
  • I-Spinophorosaurus
  • I-Corythosaurus
  • dacentrurus
  • I-Ankylosaurus
  • UGallimimus
  • I-Parasaurolophus
  • I-Euoplocephalus
  • I-Pachycephalosaurus
  • I-Shantungosaurus

Usuvele uyawazi amanye amagama ama-dinosaurs amahle kakhulu ahlala emhlabeni ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe? Qhubeka ufunde ngoba sizokwethula, ngokuningiliziwe, 6 izibankwakazi ezidla utshani ezinamagama nezithombe ngakho-ke ungafunda ukuzibona. Sizophinda sichaze izici namanye amaqiniso amnandi ngayo ngayinye yazo.

1.Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus)

Siqala ngokwethula esinye sezibankwakazi ezimela kakhulu ezake zaphila, iBrachiosaurus. Thola eminye imininingwane mayelana ne-etymology nezimpawu zayo:

I-Brachiosaurus Etymology

Igama brachiosaurus yasungulwa ngu-Elmer Samuel Riggs ovela kumagama asendulo esiGreki "iqembu lezempi"(ingalo) kanye"i-saurus"(isibankwa), esingachazwa ngokuthi"ingalo yesibankwa". Luhlobo lwe-dinosaur oluseqenjini lama-sauropods saurischia.

La ma-dinosaurs ahlala emhlabeni izikhathi ezimbili, kusukela ngasekupheleni kweJurassic kuya maphakathi ne-Cretaceous, kusukela ngo-161 kuya ku-145 AD iBrachiosaurus ingenye yama-dinosaurs athandwa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ivela kumabhayisikobho afana neJurassic Park futhi ngesizathu esihle: enye yama-dinosaurs amakhulu kakhulu.

Izici zeBrachiosaurus

I-Brachiosaurus mhlawumbe ingenye yezilwane zomhlaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaphila emhlabeni. kwadingeka mayelana Amamitha angama-26 ubude, 12 amamitha ukuphakama futhi sasinesisindo esiphakathi kwamathani angama-32 kuye kwangama-50. Yayinentamo ende eyedlulele, eyakhiwe ama-vertebrae ayi-12, ngalinye lingamasentimitha angama-70.

Yiyo kanye le mininingwane yokuma komzimba evuse izingxoxo ezishubile phakathi kochwepheshe, njengoba abanye bethi wayengeke akwazi ukugcina intamo yakhe ende iqonde, ngenxa yezithelo zomvini ezincane ayenazo. Futhi, umfutho wegazi lakho bekufanele ube phezulu ikakhulukazi ukuze ukwazi ukupompa igazi liye ebuchosheni bakho. Umzimba wakhe wavumela intamo yakhe ukuba ihambe kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla, kanye naphezulu naphezulu, imnikeze ukuphakama kwesakhiwo esinezitezi ezine.

I-Brachiosaurus kwakuyi-dinosaur edla imifino okuthiwa yondliwa eziqongweni zama-cycads, ama-conifers nama-ferns.Wayengumuntu odlayo onenkani, njengoba kwakudingeka adle cishe i-1,500 kg yokudla ngosuku ukugcina amandla akhe. Kusolwa ukuthi lesi silwane sasithanda ukuhlangana nokuthi sasihamba ngamaqembu amancane, sivumela abantu abadala ukuthi bavikele izilwane ezisencane ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezinjengamathrophu.

2.I-Diplodocus (iDiplodocus)

Ukulandela i-athikili yethu yama-dinosaurs adla ukudla okunamagama nezithombe, sethula iDiplodocus, enye yama-dinosaurs amele kakhulu:

I-Etymology yeDiplodocus

U-Othniel Charles Marsh ngo-1878 waqamba igama le- I-Diplodocus ngemuva kokubona ukuba khona kwamathambo abizwa ngokuthi "ama-hemaic arches" noma "chevron". Lawa mathambo amancane avumela ukwakheka kwebhande elide lamathambo ngaphansi komsila. Eqinisweni, igama lalo linikezwe lesi sici, njengoba igama elithi diplodocus iyi-neologism yesiLatini esuselwa esiGrekini, "diploos" (kabili) naku "dokos" (ugongolo). Ngamanye amazwi, "ugongolo kabili". La mathambo amancane kamuva atholakala kwamanye ama-dinosaurs, kepha ukucaciswa kwegama kuhleli kuze kube namuhla. IDiplodocus yayihlala emhlabeni ngesikhathi seJurassic, ezweni manje elingasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika.

Izici zeDiplodocus

IDiplodocus kwakuyisidalwa esikhulu esinemilenze emine esinentamo ende okwakulula ukusibona, ikakhulu ngenxa yomsila waso omude omise okwesiswebhu. Imilenze yayo yangaphambili yayimfushane kancane kunemilenze yangemuva, yingakho, uma ukude, ingabonakala njengohlobo lwebhuloho lokumiswa. kwadingeka mayelana 35 amamitha ubude.

IDiplodocus yayinekhanda elincanyana maqondana nosayizi womzimba wayo owawume entanyeni engaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6 ubude, enama-vertebrae ayi-15. Manje kulinganiselwa ukuthi bekufanele igcinwe ifana nomhlabathi, ngoba ibingakwazi ukuyigcina iphakeme kakhulu.

isisindo saso sasingu cishe amathani angama-30 kuye kwangama-50, ngokwengxenye yayingenxa yobude obukhulu bomsila wayo, obakhiwa ama-vertebrae angama-80, ayivumela ukuthi ilinganise intamo yayo ende kakhulu. IDiplodoco yondliwa kuphela ngotshani, izihlahlana ezincane kanye namaqabunga ezihlahla.

3.I-Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus)

Kuyithuba likaStegosaurus, elinye lama-dinosaurs ayingqayizivele kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpawu zalo zomzimba ezinhle.

I-Stegosaurus Etymology

Igama I-Stegosaurusyanikezwa ngu-Othniel Charles Marsh ngo-1877 futhi ivela kumagama esiGreki athi "stegos"(uphahla) kanye"ama-sauros"(isibankwa) ukuze incazelo yaso yangempela ibe"isibankwa esimboziwe"noma"isibankwa esifulelwe". UMarsh ubebuye abize i-stegosaurus"izikhali"(ehlomile), okungangeza enye incazelo egameni lakhe, ukuthi"isibankwa ophahleni armored". Le dinosaur yaphila ngo-155 AD futhi yayiyohlala emazweni ase-United States nasePortugal ngesikhathi se-Upper Jurassic.

Izici zeStegosaurus

i-stegosaurus yayinayo Amamitha ayi-9 ubude, amamitha ama-4 ukuphakama futhi sasinesisindo esingamathani ayi-6. Ingenye yama-dinosaurs ayizintandokazi zezingane, sibonga kalula kuyo imigqa emibili yamapuleti amathambo zilele emgogodleni wakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila wayo wawunamapuleti amabili wokuzivikela angaba ngamasentimitha angama-60 ubude. Lezi zingcwecwe zamathambo ezikhethekile azisebenzisanga nje ukuzivikela, kulinganiselwa ukuthi nazo zadlala indima ekulawuleni umzimba wakho ekushiseni okukhona.

UStegosaurus wayenemilenze emibili yangaphambili emfushane kunemuva, okuyinikeza isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele somzimba, ekhombisa ugebhezi olusondele kakhulu emhlabathini kunomsila. Kwakukhona ne- uhlobo "lomlomo" yayinamazinyo amancane, atholakala ngemuva kwesikhala somlomo, awusizo ekuhlafunweni.

I-Triceratops (iTriceratops)

Ngabe ufuna ukuqhubeka ufunde ngezibonelo ze-dinosaur ezidla ubhedu? Funda kabanzi ngeTriceratops, omunye wabaphangi abaziwa kakhulu abahlala emhlabeni futhi obuye wabona esinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zeMesozoic:

I-Triceratops Etymology

Isikhathi AmaTriceratops livela emagameni esiGriki "tri"(abathathu)"keras"(uphondo) kanye"hhawu"(ubuso), kepha igama lakhe empeleni belizosho okufana"ikhanda lesando". AbakwaTriceratops baphila ngesikhathi sikaMaastrichtian ongasekho, uLate Cretaceous, AD 68 kuya ku-66, endaweni manje eyaziwa njengeNyakatho Melika. Ngenye yama-dinosaurs yabona ukuphela kwalezi zinhlobo. Futhi kungenye yama-dinosaurs ahlala noTyrannosaurus Rex, okwakuyizisulu zawo. Ngemuva kokuthola izinsalela ezingama-47 eziphelele noma eziyingxenye, singakuqinisekisa ukuthi ingesinye sezinhlobo ezikhona kakhulu eNyakatho Melika ngalesi sikhathi.

Izici zeTriceratops

Kukholakala ukuthi iTriceratops yayiphakathi Amamitha ayi-7 no-10 ubude, iphakathi kwamamitha ayi-3.5 no-4 ukuphakama futhi inesisindo esiphakathi kwamathani ayi-5 kuya kwayi-10. Isici esimele kakhulu iTriceratops ngokungangabazeki ugebhezi lwaso olukhulu, olubhekwa njengekhakhayi elikhulu kunazo zonke izilwane zomhlaba. Yayinkulu kangangokuba yayimele cishe ingxenye yesithathu yobude besilwane.

Kubuye kubonakale kalula ngenxa yayo izimpondo ezintathu, eyodwa ekhalweni nenye ngaphezulu kwamehlo ngalinye. Enkulu kunazo zonke ingalinganisa imitha elilodwa. Ekugcineni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhumba seTriceratops sasihlukile kwesesinye sezinye izibankwakazi, njengoba ezinye izifundo zikhomba ukuthi embozwe ngoboya.

5. Ama-protoceratops

Ama-protoceratops angenye yama-dinosaurs amancane kakhulu esiwakhombisa kulolu hlu futhi imvelaphi yawo itholakala e-Asia. Funda kabanzi ngakho:

I-Etymology yamaProtoceratops

Igama Ama-protoceratops livela esiGrekini futhi lakhiwa ngamagama "proto"(okokuqala),"cerat"(izimpondo) kanye"hhawu"(ubuso), ngakho-ke kungasho"ikhanda lokuqala elinezimpondo". Le dinosaur yayihlala emhlabeni phakathi kuka-AD 84 no-72, ikakhulukazi emazweni anamhlanje eMongolia naseChina.

Ngo-1971 kwatholakala insalela engajwayelekile eMongolia: iVelociraptor eyamukela iProtoceratops. Umbono walesi sikhundla ukuthi bobabili kungenzeka ukuthi bafe belwa lapho isiphepho sesihlabathi noma indunduma iwela phezu kwabo. Ngo-1922, uhambo oluya eGwadule iGobie lwathola izidleke zeProtoceratops, amaqanda e-dinosaur okuqala atholakele.

Cishe kwatholakala amaqanda angamashumi amathathu kwesinye sezidleke, okuholela ekutheni sikholelwe ukuthi lesi sidleke sabiwa ngabesifazane abaningana okwakumele basivikele ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Izidleke eziningana zabuye zatholakala eduze, okubonakala kukhombisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zazihlala ngamaqembu omndeni owodwa noma mhlawumbe emihlambini emincane. Lapho amaqanda esechanyuselwe, amaphuphu akufanele alinganise ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-30 ubude. Abesifazane abadala babeza nokudla futhi bavikele abasha kuze kube yilapho bekhule ngokwanele ukuba bakwazi ukuzondla. U-Adrienne Mayor, isazi sezinganekwane, wazibuza ukuthi ngabe ukutholakala kwalezi zingulube esikhathini esedlule kungenzeka ukuthi akuholelanga yini ekwakhiweni kwama "griffins", izidalwa zasenganekwaneni.

Ukubukeka Namandla Ama-Protoceratops

Ama-protoceratops ayengenayo uphondo olwenziwe kahle, kuphela i-bone bulge encane esifubeni. Kwakungeyona idayinaso enkulu njengoba yayinayo mayelana 2 amamitha ubude, kodwa isisindo saso sasingamakhilogremu angu-150.

6. IMeya yePatagotitan

IPatagotitan Mayorum wuhlobo lwe-clade sauropod elatholakala e-Argentina ngo-2014, futhi laliyidayinaso enkulu ebabazekayo:

I-Etymology yePatagotitan Mayorum

UPatagotitan wayenjalo esanda kutholakala futhi ingenye yama-dinosaurs angaziwa kakhulu. Igama lakho eligcwele nguPatagotian Mayorum, kepha kusho ukuthini lokho? Patagotian kusuka ku "isidladla"(ebhekisa ku- IPatagonia, isifunda lapho izinsalela zawo zitholakale khona) kuvela "I-Titan"(okuvela ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMayorum uhlonipha umndeni wakwaMayo, abanikazi bepulazi laseLa Flecha kanye nezindawo lapho kutholakala khona lokho. Ngokwezifundo, iMayorum yasePatagotitan yaphila phakathi kweminyaka engama-95 no-100 million eyayiyisifunda sasehlathini ngaleso sikhathi.

Izici zePatagotitan Mayorum

Njengoba kutholwe insalela eyodwa kuphela yePatagotitan Mayorum, izinombolo ezikuyo ziyizilinganiso kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bathi bekungalinganiswa cishe 37 amamitha ubude nokuthi kwalinganiswa cishe Amathani angama-69. Igama lakhe njenge-titan alinikezelwanga ize, iMayorum yasePatagotitan ngeke ibe yinto enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zafika enhlabathini yomhlaba.

Siyazi ukuthi bekuyi-dinosaur edla imifino, kepha okwamanje iMeya yasePatagotitan ayikazidaluli zonke izimfihlo zayo. I-Paleontology yisayensi eyakhelwe ukuqiniseka ngokungaqiniseki ngoba okutholakele nobufakazi obusha bulindele ukufakwa efosikeni ekhoneni ledwala noma ohlangothini lwentaba oluzombiwa esikhathini esithile esizayo.

Izici ze-Dinosaurs Eziphilayo

Sizogcina sinezici ezithile ezimangalisayo ezabiwe ngamanye ama-dinosaurs amnandi ohlangane nawo kuhlu lwethu:

Ukondla izibankwakazi ezidla imifino

Ukudla kwama-dinosaurs kwakusekelwe ikakhulu emaqabungeni athambile, amagxolo namahlumela, njengoba ngesikhathi seMesozoic zazingekho izithelo eziyinyama, izimbali noma utshani. Ngaleso sikhathi, izilwane ezivamile kwakungu-ferns, ama-conifers nama-cycads, iningi lawo amakhulu, anamasentimitha angaphezu kwama-30 ukuphakama.

Amazinyo ama-dinosaurs adla imifino

Isici esingaqondakali sama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous ngamazinyo abo, okuthi, ngokungafani nezidliwayo, ahluke kakhulu. Babenamazinyo amakhulu ngaphambili noma imilomo yokusika amaqabunga, namazinyo asemhlane ayizicaba ukuwadla, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi ayewahlafuna, njengoba kwenza izilozi zesimanje. Kusolwa nokuthi amazinyo abo abenezizukulwane eziningana (ngokungafani nabantu abanamazinyo amabili kuphela, amazinyo ezingane namazinyo waphakade).

Ama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous "ayenamatshe" esiswini sawo

Kusolwa ukuthi ama-sauropods amakhulu "abenamatshe" esiswini abizwa ngama-gastrothrocyte, azosiza ukuchoboza ukudla okunzima ukugaya ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya. Lesi sici okwamanje siyabonakala kwezinye izinyoni.