-Delile
- Umehluko phakathi kweketanga newebhu yokudla
- uchungechunge lokudla lwasemanzini
- abakhiqizi bokuqala
- abathengi bokuqala
- Abasebenzisi besibili
- abathengi bezemfundo ephakeme
- Izibonelo zokudla kwamanzi
Kukhona igatsha lezemvelo, elibizwa nge-synecology, elicwaninga ngobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwemvelo nemiphakathi yabantu. Ngaphakathi kwe-synecology, sithola ingxenye ebhekele ucwaningo lobudlelwano phakathi kwezidalwa, kufaka phakathi ubudlelwane bokudla, obufingqiwe ngamaketanga okudla, njengeketanga lokudla lasemanzini.
I-Synecology ichaza ukuthi amaketanga okudla ayindlela lapho amandla nezinto ezisuka esigabeni esikhiqizayo ziye kwesinye, kubhekwa nokulahleka kwamandla, njengokuphefumula. Kule ndatshana yePeritoAnimal, sizochaza ukuthi yini a uchungechunge lokudla lwasemanzini, kuqala ngencazelo yochungechunge lokudla newebhu yokudla.
Umehluko phakathi kweketanga newebhu yokudla
Okokuqala, ukuqonda ubunzima bokunxenxa ukudla kwamanzi, kuyadingeka wazi umehluko phakathi kwamaketanga okudla kanye namawebhu okudla nokuthi yini eyodwa yazo iqukethe.
Eyodwa uchungechunge lokudla kukhombisa ukuthi udaba namandla ahamba kanjani ngaphakathi kwendalo ngokusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene, ngendlela eqondile futhi engaqondakali, njalo kuqala nge kube yi-autotrophic okungumkhiqizi omkhulu wento namandla, ngoba iyakwazi ukuguqula izinto ezingaphili zibe yimithombo yamandla ephilayo nengatholakali, njengokuguqulwa kwelanga libe yi-ATP (adenosine triphosphate, umthombo wamandla wezidalwa eziphilayo). Udaba namandla adalwe izidalwa ezizimele zizodlulela kwamanye ama-heterotrophs noma abathengi, okungaba abathengi bokuqala, abasesekondari nabaphezulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a iwebhu yokudla noma iwebhu yokudla kuyisethi yamaketanga okudla axhumene, akhombisa ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwamandla nezinto. Amanethiwekhi weTrophic aveza okwenzeka ngempela emvelweni, njengoba emele ubudlelwano obuningi phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.
uchungechunge lokudla lwasemanzini
Ukuhlelwa okuyisisekelo kochungechunge lokudla akuhluki kakhulu phakathi kohlelo lwasemhlabeni nolwamanzi, umehluko omkhulu kakhulu utholakala ezingeni lezinto eziphilayo kanye nenani le-biomass eliqongelelwayo, ngokuba kukhulu ezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni. Ngezansi sizobalula ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphila emanzini:
abakhiqizi bokuqala
Ohlelweni lokudla lwasemanzini, siyakuthola lokho abakhiqizi bokuqala yi-algae, noma ngabe i-unicellular, njengaleyo ye-phyla I-Glaucophyta, rhodophyta futhi I-Chlorophyta, noma ama-multicellular, lawo e-superphylum heterokonta, okuyi-algae esingayibona ngamehlo emabhishi, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singathola amabhaktheriya kuleli zinga leketanga, i- cyanobacteria, futhi eqhuba ne-photosynthesis.
abathengi bokuqala
Abathengi abaphambili bohlu lokudla lwasemanzini imvamisa izilwane ezidla imifino ezondla ulwelwe oluncane noma olunemicroscopic ngisho namagciwane. Leli zinga ngokuvamile liqukethe zooplankton nabanye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Abasebenzisi besibili
Abathengi besibili bagqama njengezilwane ezidlayo, ezidla ezingeni eliphansi lezilwane ezidla izilwane. Bangaba njalo inhlanzi, ama-arthropods, izinyoni zamanzi noma izilwane ezincelisayo.
abathengi bezemfundo ephakeme
Abasebenzisi bezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme yibo abadla kakhulu inyama, izilwane ezidla ezinye ezidla ezinye ezidla inyama, lezo ezakha isixhumanisi sabathengi besibili.
Ohlelweni lokudla, siyabona ukuthi imicibisholo ikhomba indlela engeyona inkomba:
Izibonelo zokudla kwamanzi
kukhona okuhlukile amazinga wobunzima emaketangeni okudla. Nazi izibonelo:
- Isibonelo sokuqala seketanga lokudla lasemanzini siqukethe izingcingo ezimbili. Lokhu kunjalo nge-phytoplankton nemikhomo. I-Phytoplankton ingumkhiqizi omkhulu futhi imikhomo ukuphela komthengi.
- Le mikhomo ingakha uchungechunge lwe izingcingo ezintathu uma zondla nge-zooplankton esikhundleni se-phytoplankton. Ngakho-ke uchungechunge lokudla luzobukeka kanjena: i-phytoplankton> zooplankton> umkhomo. Ukuqondiswa kwemicibisholo kukhombisa lapho amandla nodaba kuhamba khona.
- Kuhlelo lwasemanzini nolwasemhlabeni, olufana nomfula, singathola uchungechunge lwezixhumanisi ezine: i-phytoplankton> ama-molluscs ohlobo Lymnaea > ama-barbels (inhlanzi, ibarbus barbus)> izimpungushe ezimpunga (ICinérea Ardea).
- Isibonelo sexhaxha lezixhumanisi ezinhlanu lapho singabona khona i-supercarnivore kanje: Phytoplankton> krill> emperor penguin (Ama -ptenodyte forsteri)> ingwe uphawu (Hydrurga leptonyx)> orca (i-orcinus orca).
Emvelweni, ubudlelwano abulula kangako. Amaketanga okudla enziwa ukwenza lula ubudlelwane be-trophic ngakho-ke singawaqonda kalula, kepha amaketanga okudla basebenzisane ngaphakathi kwewebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yama-webs wokudla. Esinye sezibonelo zewebhu yokudla yasemanzini kungaba ngumdwebo olandelayo, lapho singabona khona ukuthi uchungechunge lokudla luhlanganiswe kanjani nemicibisholo eminingana ekhombisa inani eliphakeme lokuxhumana kokudla nokugeleza kwamandla phakathi kwezidalwa:
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- uchungechunge lokudla lwasemanzini, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.