Izici zezinyoni

-Delile

• Izimpaphe, isici esihluke kakhulu sezinyoni
• Izici ezijwayelekile zezinyoni
• ukundiza kwezinyoni
• Ukufuduka kwezinyoni
• amathambo enyoni
• Ezinye izici zezinyoni

Izinyoni zingama-vertebrate we-tetrapod anegazi elifudumele (okungukuthi, ama-endotherms) anezici ezihluke kakhulu ezibahlukanisa nezinye izilwane. Okhokho bakho babeyiqembu le i-theropod dinosaurs eyayihlala eMhlabeni ngesikhathi seJurassic, phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-150 nezingama-200 edlule. Yizilwane ezinomgogodla ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, ezinezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-10 000 namuhla. Bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni, ezitholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo zezigxobo, ezingwadule nasezindaweni zasemanzini. Kunezinhlobo ezincane njengezinyoni ezithile, ngisho nezinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana nentshe.

Njengoba kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinyoni, kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal, sizokukhombisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zifana ngani, okungukuthi, zonke izici zezinyoni nemininingwane yayo emangalisa kakhulu.

Izimpaphe, isici esihluke kakhulu sezinyoni

Yize kungezona zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni ezikwazi ukundiza, iningi lisebenza kanjalo ngenxa yokuhleleka komzimba wazo namaphiko. Leli khono labenza baba nekoloni lazo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo ezinye izilwane ezazingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. Izimpaphe zezinyoni zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zavela ekuqaleni kwazo okulula kuma-dinosaurs angaphambi kwezinyoni zaya esimweni sazo sanamuhla ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke namuhla singathola umehluko omkhulu ezinhlotsheni eziyi-10,000 ezikhona emhlabeni.

Uhlobo ngalunye lophaphe luyehluka kuye ngesifunda somzimba lapho lutholakala khona nangokwakheka kwalo, futhi nalokhu kuyehluka ngohlobo ngalunye, njengoba izimpaphe zingagcini nje ngokwenza umsebenzi wokundiza, kodwa futhi nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukukhethwa kozakwethu.
• Ngesikhathi sokuzalela.
• Ukuqashelwa kwe-Cospecific (okungukuthi, abantu bohlobo olufanayo).
• Ukwehliswa komzimba emzimbeni, ngoba, esimweni sezinyoni zasemanzini, izimpaphe zibamba amagwebu omoya avimbela inyoni ukuthi ingabi manzi ngesikhathi sokuntywila.
• Sifihle.

Izici ezijwayelekile zezinyoni

Phakathi kwezici zezinyoni, okulandelayo kugqama:

ukundiza kwezinyoni

Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamaphiko azo, izinyoni zingakwazi ukudlala zisuka ezindleleni ezibabazekayo ze-glide ziye ohambweni olude ngokwedlulele, endabeni yezinyoni ezifudukayo. Izimpiko zakhula ngokuhlukile eqenjini ngalinye lezinyoni, ngokwesibonelo:

• izinyoni ezingenazo izimpaphe: endabeni yamaphengwini, awanazo izimpaphe futhi amaphiko awo anomumo ocacile, njengoba eguqulelwa ekubhukudeni.
• Izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezincishisiwe: kwezinye izimo, izimpaphe ziyancipha, njengezintshe, izinkukhu kanye nezinhlayiya.
• izinyoni ezinezimpaphe zohlobo oluthile: kwezinye izinhlobo, njenge-kiwi, izimpiko ziyizinto ezivamile futhi izimpaphe zinesakhiwo esifanayo noboya.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinhlotsheni ezindizayo amaphiko athuthuka kakhulu futhi, ngokuya ngempilo yabo, angaba nezinhlobo ezihlukile:

• Ibanzi futhi iyindilinga: ezinhlotsheni ezihlala ezindaweni ezivaliwe.
• Imincane futhi ikhombe: ezinyonini ezindiza ngokushesha ezinjengenjwabu.
• mncane futhi ubanzi: ekhona ezinyonini ezinjengezinhlanzi zasolwandle, ezihamba phezu kwamanzi.
• Izimpaphe zilingisa iminwe: futhi ezinhlotsheni ezifana namanqe, izimpaphe zibhekwa njengeminwe ezinsikeni zamaphiko, ezibavumela ukuba bawele phezulu, basebenzise izinsika zomoya ofudumele ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ngokwesibonelo.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona nezinyoni ezingadluli, njengoba sikuchazela kule ndatshana mayelana nezinyoni ezingandizi - Izici nezibonelo eziyi-10.

Ukufuduka kwezinyoni

Izinyoni ziyakwazi ukwenza izindiza ezinde ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ezijwayelekile futhi ezivumelanisiwe, futhi ezenzeka ngenxa ye- izinguquko zonyaka lapho izinyoni zisuka ezifundeni zasebusika eningizimu ziye ezindaweni zasehlobo ezisenyakatho, ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna ukutholakala okukhulu kokudla okuzokwazi ukondla amaphuphu azo ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, ukufuduka nakho kubavumela ukuthi bathole izindawo ezingcono zokwakha isidleke futhi ukhulise imidlwane yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo ibasiza ukuthi balondoloze i-homeostasis (ibhalansi yangaphakathi yomzimba), ngoba lokhu kuhamba kuyabavumela ukuthi bagweme isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izinyoni ezingafuduki zibizwa ngokuthi izakhamuzi futhi zinokunye ukujwayela ukubhekana nezikhathi ezimbi.

Kunezindlela eziningana lapho izinyoni ziziqondisa khona lapho zifuduka, futhi izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi zisebenzisa ilanga ukuthola indlela yazo. Ukuzulazula kufaka phakathi ukuthola amandla kazibuthe, ukusebenzisa iphunga, nokusebenzisa izimpawu zokubuka.

Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngale ndaba, ungaphuthelwa le ndatshana yePeritoAnimal ngezinyoni ezifudukayo.

amathambo enyoni

Izinyoni zinokukhethekile emathanjeni azo, futhi yi ubukhona bezimbobo (ezinhlotsheni ezindizayo) ezigcwele umoya, kepha ngokumelana okukhulu okuthi nakho kuzinike ukukhanya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la mathambo anezinga elihlukile lokuhlangana ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba, njengamathambo ogebhezi, angenawo ama-suture. Umgogodla futhi unokwehluka, unenani elikhulu lama-vertebrae entanyeni, okwenza kube lula kakhulu. Ama-vertebrae wokugcina angemuva nawo ahlanganiswe ne-pelvis futhi akha i-synsacrum. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinyoni zinezimbambo eziyisicaba kanye ne-sternum emise okwe-keel, esebenza ukufaka imisipha yendiza. Banemilenze eminwe emine, ngokwesimo sabo, abanamagama ahlukile:

• umabhebhana: Kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni, iminwe emithathu ibheke phambili nomunwe owodwa emuva.
• syndactyl: iminwe yesithathu neyesine yahlangana, njenge-kingfisher.
• Zygodactyls: okujwayelekile kwezinyoni zase-arboreal, njenge-woodpeckers noma ama-toucans, eneminwe emibili ebheke phambili (iminwe 2 no-3) neminwe emibili ibheke emuva (iminwe 1 no-4).
• Ama-Pamprodactyls: ukuhlelwa lapho iminwe emine ikhomba phambili. Isici se-swifts (Apodidae), esisebenzisa isipikili somunwe wokuqala ukulenga, ngoba lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukuhlala noma ukuhamba.
• ama-heterodactyls: iyafana ne-zygodactyly, ngaphandle kwalapha iminwe engu-3 no-4 ikhomba phambili, neminwe engu-1 no-2 ikhomba emuva. Kuyinto ejwayelekile yama-trogoniforms njenge-quetzal.

Ezinye izici zezinyoni

Ezinye izici zezinyoni zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukubonaIzinyoni zinemizila emikhulu kakhulu (lapho izinhlamvu zamehlo zihlala khona) namehlo amakhulu, futhi lokhu kuhlobene nokundiza. Ubuhle bayo obubonakalayo, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izinhlobo ezinjengezinkozi, bungcono ngokuphindwe kathathu kunokwezinye izilwane, kubandakanya nabantu.
• umuzwa wokuhogelampofu: yize ezinhlotsheni eziningi, njengezinyoni ezinesidumbu, ama-kiwis, ama-albatross kanye nama-petrels, inzwa yokuhogela ithuthukiswe kakhulu futhi ibavumela ukuthi bathole inyamazane yabo.
• Indlebeithuthukiswe kahle: lokho kuvumela izinhlobo ezithile ukuthi ziziqonde ebumnyameni ngoba zivumelaniswe ne-echolocation.
• Izimpondo Zomlomo: okungukuthi, banesakhiwo se-keratin, futhi ukuma kwabo kuzohlobene ngqo nohlobo lokudla lenyoni enakho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemilomo eshintshelwe ukuncela umpe ezimbalini, noma emikhulu futhi eqinile ukuvula izinhlamvu nembewu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemibhobho yokuhlunga ekuvumela ukuthi udle odakeni noma ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula, futhi nangesimo somkhonto ukuze ukwazi ukudoba. Ezinye izinhlobo zinemilomo eqinile, ekhonjiwe yokugawula izinkuni, kanti ezinye zinengwegwe evumela ukuthi zizingele inyamazane.
• I-Syrinx: iyilungu lezwi lezinyoni futhi, njengezinketho zomlomo zabantu, ivumela ukuthi zikwazi ukukhipha izingoma nezingoma ezimnandi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ukuze zikwazi ukuxhumana.
• ukukhiqiza kabusha: ukuzala kwezinyoni kwenzeka ngokukhulelisa kwangaphakathi, futhi zibekela amaqanda anikezwe ngesembozo esilukhuni se-limestone.
• Ukuqomisana: bangaba nomfazi oyedwa, okungukuthi, babe nomlingani oyedwa kuphela phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokuzala (noma ngisho nangaphezulu, noma eminyakeni elandelanayo), noma babe nesithembu futhi babe nabalingani abaningi.
• Ukwakha izidleke: zibekela amaqanda azo ezidlekeni ezakhelwe le njongo, futhi lokhu kwakhiwa kungenziwa ngabazali bobabili noma oyedwa wabo. Imidlwane ingaba yi-altricial, okungukuthi, izalwa ingenazo izimpaphe, futhi kulokhu abazali batshala isikhathi esiningi ekondliweni nasekunakekelweni kwabo; noma bangase babe nengane, lapho kwenzeka beshiya isidleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ukunakekelwa kwabazali kungokwesikhashana.