-Delile
- Zaziyini izilwane zokuqala ezidlayo?
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-felines kanye ne-caniforms
- Uyini ukhokho wenja?
- Umsuka wenja namanye ama-canids
- Inja ivela empisi?
- ukuvela kwezinja
- Abantu Nezinja: Ukuhlangana Okokuqala
- Inja yokufuya
- Umsuka wezinhlobo zezinja
- Eminye imizamo ehlulekile
THE imvelaphi yenja yasekhaya bekulokhu kuyimpikiswano amakhulu eminyaka, kugcwele okungaziwa nezinsumansumane zamanga. Yize okwamanje kusenemibuzo okufanele ixazululwe, isayensi inikeza izimpendulo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisiza ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani izinja kuyizilwane ezihamba phambili noma kungani, ngokungafani nezimpisi noma amakati, lolu hlobo yilo olufuywa kakhulu.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi yini i- umsuka wezinja? Thola ku-PeritoIzilwane konke mayelana I-Canis lupus familiaris, kuqala ngezidliwayo ezidla inyama kuqala futhi kuphele ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinja ezikhona namuhla. Uma unesifiso sokwazi ngokuningiliziwe i- umsuka wenja, ungaphuthelwa yileli thuba lokuhambela kokwedlule futhi uqonde ukuthi konke kwaqala kuphi futhi kanjani.
Zaziyini izilwane zokuqala ezidlayo?
Umlando wokuqala wethambo lesilwane esidla inyama usukela emuva Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule, e-Eocene. Lesi silwane sokuqala sasikhona i-arboreal, wondla ngokujaha nokuzingela ezinye izilwane ezincane kunaye. Yayifana ne-marten, kodwa nge-snout emfushane. Ngakho-ke, lezi zilwane ezidlayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- Ama-caniforms: ama-canids, izimpawu, ama-walrus, ama-possum, amabhere ...
- I-felines: ama-felines, ama-mongooses, izakhi zofuzo ...
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-felines kanye ne-caniforms
Lawa maqembu womabili ahluke ngokuyisisekelo ekwakhekeni kwangaphakathi kwendlebe kanye nokwenziwa kwamazinyo. Ukwehlukaniswa kwala maqembu womabili kubangelwe ukwehlukaniswa kwemvelo. Thanda ukupholisa iplanethi, a ubukhulu behlathi babulahleka nezimfunda zathola isikhala. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke lapho ama-feliformes ahlala khona ezihlahleni futhi ama-caniform aqala ukugxila ekuzingeleni inyamazane emadlelweni, ngoba ama-caniform, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, ukungabi nezipikili ezihlehlisekayo.
Uyini ukhokho wenja?
Ukwazi imvelaphi yenja, kuyadingeka ukubuyela emuva kuma-canids okuqala lokho kwavela eNyakatho Melika, ngoba i-canid yokuqala eyaziwayo yi- Isifungo, eyayihlala endaweni yamanje yaseTexas eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 edlule. Le canid yayilingana ne-raccoon kodwa inciphile futhi ibinemilenze emide ukwedlula okhokho bayo base-arboreal.
I-canid enkulu eyaziwayo kwakuyi- epicyon. Ngekhanda eliqinile, lalifana nebhubesi noma impisi kunempisi. Akwaziwa noma uzoba ngunosika yini noma uzozingela ngamaphakethe, njengempisi yamanje. Lezi zilwane zazivalelwe eNyakatho Melika yanamuhla futhi zaphakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-20 kanye no-5 edlule. Bafike ezinyaweni ezinhlanu no-150 kilos.
Umsuka wenja namanye ama-canids
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 eyedlule, eNyakatho Melika, leli qembu laliqhekeka, okwadala ukuvela kwezihlobo ezindala kakhulu zezimpisi, ama-raccoon kanye nezimpungushe. Futhi ngokuqhubeka nokuphola kweplanethi, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-8 edlule, i- IBering Strait Bridge, eyavumela la maqembu ifinyelele e-Eurasia, lapho bezofinyelela khona izinga labo eliphakeme lokuhlukahluka. E-Eurasia, owokuqala izibaya lupus yavela eminyakeni eyingxenye nje yesigidi edlule, kwathi eminyakeni engama-250,000 edlule yabuyela eNyakatho Melika ngaphesheya kweBering Strait.
Inja ivela empisi?
Ngo-1871, uCharles Darwin waqala inkolelo-mbono yamadlozi amaningi, eyayiphakamisa ukuthi inja yehla ngezimpungushe, izimpisi nezimpungushe. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1954, uKonrad Lorenz wayichitha i-coyote njengomsuka wezinja futhi wasikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zamaNordic zehle empisi futhi ezinye zehla ku-jackal.
ukuvela kwezinja
Ngemuva kwalokho i- inja ivela empisi? Njengamanje, ngenxa yokulandelana kwe-DNA, kutholakale ukuthi inja, impisi, impungushe nempungushe yabelana ngokulandelana kwe-DNA nokuthi okufana kakhulu komunye nomunye yi-DNA yenja nempisi. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2014[1] kuqinisekisa ukuthi inja nempisi zivela ohlotsheni olulodwa, kepha zingama-subspecies ahlukene. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinja nezimpisi zingaba ne- ukhokho ovamile, kepha azikho izifundo eziqinisekisayo.
Thola ukuthi yiziphi izinja ezibukeka njengezimpisi kule ndatshana yePeritoAnimal.
Abantu Nezinja: Ukuhlangana Okokuqala
Ngenkathi iminyaka engama-200,000 edlule abantu bokuqala besuka e-Afrika futhi befika eYurophu, ama-canids ayesevele ekhona. Bahlala ndawonye njengabancintisana nabo isikhathi eside baze baqala ubudlelwane babo cishe eminyakeni engama-30,000 edlule.
usuku lwezifundo zofuzo izinja zokuqala Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 eyedlule, endaweni yase-Asia ehambelana neChina yanamuhla, ehambisana nokuqala kwezolimo. Ucwaningo lwamuva luka-2013 oluvela eSweden University of Uppsala [2] bathi ukufuywa kwenja kwakuxhunyaniswe nakho umehluko wofuzo phakathi kwempisi nenja, ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezinzwa kanye ne-starch metabolism.
Lapho abalimi bokuqala bezimisa, bekhiqiza ukudla okunesitashi esinamandla amakhulu, amaqembu angosomathuba isondele ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu, idla izinsalela zemifino ezicebile ngesitashi. Lezi zinja zokuqala nazo zazikhona olunolaka kunezimpisi, okwakusiza ukufuywa kwabantu.
THE ukudla okunesitashi kwakudingeka ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zikhule, ngoba ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okuhlupheka yilezi zinja kwakwenza kungabi lula ngabo ukuba baphile ngokudla okudla okhokho babo kuphela.
Amaphakethe ezinja ayethola ukudla kulo muzi futhi, ngakho-ke, avikela insimu yezinye izilwane, iqiniso elizuzisa abantu. Singasho-ke ukuthi lokhu kudideka kuvumela ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zombili, okwaholela ekufuyweni kwenja.
Inja yokufuya
THE Umbono kaCoppinger uthi eminyakeni eyi-15,000 eyedlule, ama-canids asondela ezigodini efuna ukudla okulula. Kungenzeka-ke kwenzeka lokho ama-specimens athobekile futhi azethembayo babethubeni elikhulu lokuthola ukudla kunalabo ababengathembi abantu. Ngakho-ke, i- izinja zasendle ukuhlangana kakhudlwana nokuthambeka kube nokufinyelela okuningi ezinsizakalweni, okwaholela ekusindeni okukhulu futhi kwaholela ezizukulwaneni ezintsha zezinja ezithobekile. Lo mbono uyawuphika umqondo wokuthi kwakungumuntu owaqala wasondela enjeni ngenhloso yokuyithambisa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo zezinja
Njengamanje, sazi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-300 zezinja, ezinye zazo zifane nezilinganiso. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, i-Victorian England yaqala ukuthuthukisa i- ama-eugenics, isayensi efunda izakhi zofuzo futhi ihlose ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo. Incazelo ye-SAR [3] kanje:
Kusuka kuFr. ama-eugenics, nalena evela ku-gr. εὖ mina kahle futhi -genesis '-genesis'.
1. f. IMed. Ukufundwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yamafa ezinto eziphilayo okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zabantu.
Uhlanga ngalunye lunezici ezithile ze-morphological ezenza luhluke, futhi abalimi kuwo wonke umlando bahlanganyele izici zokuziphatha nezentukuthelo ukwakha izinhlanga ezintsha ezinganikeza abantu into eyodwa noma enye. Ucwaningo lofuzo lwemijaho engaphezu kuka-161 lukhomba kuBasenji njengo inja endala emhlabeni, okuvela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinja esizaziyo namuhla.
Ama-Eugenics, izimfashini kanye nezinguquko kumazinga ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenze ubuhle baba yisici esinqumayo ezinhlotsheni zamanje zezinja, kushiya eceleni inhlalakahle, ezempilo, isimilo noma imiphumela yokuziphatha engayidala.
Thola ku-PeritoAnimal ukuthi izinhlobo zezinja zishintshe kanjani ngezithombe zangaphambilini nanamuhla.
Eminye imizamo ehlulekile
Izinsalela zezinja ngaphandle kwezimpisi zitholakale e-Central Europe, okwenziwe imizamo ehlulekile yokufuya izimpisi ngalesi sikhathi. isikhathi sokugcina seqhwa, phakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 nengama-20 edlule. Kepha kwaze kwaqala ukulima ukuthi ukufuywa kweqembu lokuqala lezinja empeleni sekuyabonakala. Siyethemba ukuthi le ndatshana inikeze amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngemvelaphi yokuqala yama-canids kanye nezidliwayo zangaphambili.
