Izilwane zeBipedal - Izibonelo Nezici

Umlobi: Peter Berry
Usuku Lokudalwa: 13 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 14 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
Environmental Authorisation [Full presentation]
Ividiyo: Environmental Authorisation [Full presentation]

-Delile

Lapho sikhuluma ngayo i-bipedalism noma i-bipedalism, sicabanga masinyane ngomuntu, futhi sivame ukukhohlwa ukuthi kunezinye izilwane ezihamba ngale ndlela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinkawu, izilwane ezisondele ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinhlotsheni zethu, kepha iqiniso ukuthi kukhona ezinye izilwane ezinama-bipedal ezingahlobene, noma nabantu. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ziyini?

Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal, sizokutshela ziyini izilwane ezinamaphiko amabili, beyivela kanjani, yiziphi izici ababelana ngazo, izibonelo ezithile kanye nezinye izifiso.

Yiziphi izilwane ezine-bipedal - Izici

Izilwane zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana, enye yazo isuselwa kumodi yazo yokuqothuka. Endabeni yezilwane ezisemhlabeni, zingahamba zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye ngokundiza, ukukhasa noma ukusebenzisa imilenze yazo. Izilwane ezinamabhoda yilezo lezo sebenzisa imilenze yabo emibili kuphela ukuzulazula. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, kufaka phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ziye zavela ukuze zamukele lolu hlobo lwe-locomotion, kufaka phakathi ama-dinosaurs nabantu.


I-bipedalism ingasetshenziswa lapho uhamba, ugijima noma ugxuma.Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezi-bipedal zingaba nale ndlela ye-locomotion njengokungenzeka kwazo kuphela, noma zingayisebenzisa ezimweni ezithile.

Umehluko phakathi kwezilwane ezi-bipedal nezine ezine

amawele amane yilezo zilwane lezo hamba usebenzisa izitho ezine ama-locomotives, kuyilapho ama-bipeds ahamba esebenzisa izitho ezimbili zangemuva kuphela. Endabeni yama-vertebrate asemhlabeni, onke angama-tetrapods, okungukuthi, ukhokho wawo ovamile wayenemilenze emine yokuhamba. Kodwa-ke, kwamanye amaqembu ama-tetrapods, njengezinyoni, amalungu abo amabili aguqulwa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi lokhu kwaholela ekuqhumeni kwe-bipedal.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-bipeds nama-quadrupeds usekelwe kwimisipha ye-extensor kanye ne-flexor yezitho zabo. Ku-quadrupeds, isisindo semisipha ye-flexor yemilenze siphindwe kabili kunaleyo yemisipha ye-extensor. Kuma-bipeds, lesi simo siguqulwa, sikwenza ukuma okuqondile.


I-Bipedal locomotion inezinzuzo eziningana maqondana ne-locomotion yesine. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwandisa inkambu yokubuka, evumela izilwane ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili ukuthi zithole izingozi noma inyamazane engase yenzeke kusengaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumela ukukhululwa kwemilenze yangaphambili, kubashiye betholakalela ukwenza izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, lolu hlobo lwe-locomotion lubandakanya ukuma okuqondile, okuvumela ukwanda okukhulu kwamaphaphu nezimbambo lapho kugijima noma kugxuma, okwenza ukusetshenziswa okukhulu komoya-mpilo.

Imvelaphi nokuvela kwe-bipedism

Imilenze ye-locomotor yavela yahlangana yaba ngamaqembu amakhulu ezilwane: ama-arthropod nama-tetrapods. Phakathi kwama-tetrapods, isimo esinezinwele ezine sivame kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-bipedal locomotion, nayo, ivele kaningi ngaphezu kokuvela kwesilwane, emaqenjini ahlukene, hhayi ngendlela ehambisanayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-locomotion lukhona kuma-primates, ama-dinosaurs, izinyoni, ama-marsupial agxumayo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezigxumayo, izinambuzane kanye nezibankwa.


Kunezimbangela ezintathu ithathwa njengeyinhloko ebhekene nokuvela kwe-bipedism futhi, ngenxa yalokho, yezilwane ezi-bipedal:

  • Isidingo sejubane.
  • Inzuzo yokuba namalungu amabili amahhala.
  • Ukuzivumelanisa nendiza.

Njengoba ijubane landa, ubukhulu bezitho zangemuva buye buye benyuke uma kuqhathaniswa nemilenze yangaphambili, okwenza ukuthi izinyathelo ezikhiqizwa izitho zangemuva zibe zinde kunezemilenze yangemuva. Ngalo mqondo, ngejubane eliphezulu, izitho zangaphambili zingaze zibe yisithiyo esivinini.

izibankwakazi ezibhibhile

Endabeni yama-dinosaurs, kukholakala ukuthi umlingiswa ojwayelekile yi-bipedalism, nokuthi ukuqhamuka kwama-quadrupedal kamuva kwavela kwezinye zezinhlobo. Onke ama-tetrapods, iqembu okwakukhona kulo ama-dinosaurs nezinyoni ezidla ezinye, ayephethwe yi-bipedal. Ngale ndlela, singasho ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ayeyizilwane zokuqala ezine-bipedal.

Ukuvela kwe-bipedism

I-Bipedism nayo ivele ngokuzithandela kwezinye izibankwa. Kulezi zinhlobo, ukunyakaza okukhiqizwa ukuphakama kwekhanda kanye nesiqu kungumphumela wokusheshisa phambili kuhlangene nokubuyela emuva kwesikhungo somzimba, ngenxa, ngokwesibonelo, ukunwebeka komsila.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukholelwa ukuthi phakathi kwama-primates bipedism kwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11.6 edlule njengokujwayela impilo ezihlahleni. Ngokwalo mbono, lesi sici ngabe sivele ezinhlotsheni. UDanuvius Guggenmosi ukuthi, ngokungafani nama-orangutan nama-gibbons, abasebenzisa izingalo zabo kakhulu ukwenza i-locomotion, babenemilenze yangemuva eyayigcinwa iqondile futhi yayiyisakhiwo sabo esikhulu se-locomotor.

Ekugcineni, ukweqa kuyindlela esheshayo futhi eyonga amandla ye-locomotion, futhi ivele kaningi ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ezixhunyaniswe ne-bipedalism. Ukweqa izitho ezinkulu zangemuva kunikeza amandla amandla ngokugcina amandla okunwebeka kwamandla.

Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, i-bipedalism kanye nokuma okuqondile kwavela njengendlela yokuvela kwezinye izinhlobo ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaphila.

Izibonelo zezilwane ezi-bipedal nezici zazo

Ngemuva kokubukeza incazelo yezilwane ezi-bipedal, ukubona umehluko nezilwane ezine-quadrupedal nokuthi lolu hlobo lwe-locomotion lwenzeka kanjani, sekuyisikhathi sokwazi ezinye izibonelo ezivelele zezilwane ezi-bipedal:

Umuntu (homo sapiens)

Endabeni yabantu, kukholelwa ukuthi i-bipedism yakhethwa ikakhulukazi njengokuzivumelanisa nezandla ezikhululekile ngokuphelele ukuthola ukudla. Ngezandla ezikhululekile, ukusebenza kwamathuluzi kwakwenzeka.

Umzimba womuntu, ume mpo futhi une-bipedal locomotion, walungiswa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo waze wafinyelela esimweni esikuwo njengamanje. Izinyawo azisezona izitho zomzimba ezingasetshenziswa futhi zibe yizakhiwo ezizinzile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenzeke ngokuhlangana kwamathambo athile, izinguquko ezilinganisweni zosayizi wamanye nokuvela kwemisipha kanye nemisipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pelvis yakhuliswa futhi amadolo nama-ankle aqondaniswa ngaphansi kwesikhungo somzimba samandla adonsela phansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalunga amadolo akwazi ukujikeleza futhi akhiye ngokuphelele, avumela imilenze ukuthi ihlale ime isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokubanga ukungezwani okukhulu emisipheni yangemuva. Ekugcineni, isifuba sifushaniswa ukusuka phambili kuya emuva saphinde savuleka saya ezinhlangothini.

I-Jumping Hare (capensis isisekelo)

lobu furry Amagundane angama-40 cm ubude inomsila nezindlebe ezinde, izici ezisikhumbuza izinyoni, yize empeleni zingahlobene nazo. Imilenze yakhe yangaphambilini imifushane kakhulu, kodwa ingemuva lakhe lide futhi liqinile, futhi uhamba ngezithende. Uma kunenkinga, angawela phakathi kwamamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu ngokugxuma okukodwa.

I-kangaroo ebomvuIMacropus rufus)

Yi- i-marsupial enkulu kunazo zonke ekhona kanye nesinye isibonelo sesilwane esine-bipedal. Lezi zilwane azikwazi ukuhambahamba, futhi zingakwenza kuphela ngokugxuma. Zenza ukweqa zisebenzisa yomibili imilenze yangemuva ngasikhathi sinye, futhi zingafinyelela ijubane elifinyelela kuma-50 km / h.

I-Eudibamus cursoris

Yi- isilwane esihuquzelayo sokuqala lapho kubonwa khona ukuqhuma kwamabhayisikili amabili. Manje asisekho, kepha sasihlala ngasekupheleni kwePaleozoic. Kwakungaba ngamasentimitha angama-25 ubude futhi kwahamba phezu kwezeluleko zezitho zayo zangemuva.

I-Basilisk (I-Basiliscus Basiliscus)

Ezinye izibankwa, njengebasilisk, zithuthukise ikhono lokusebenzisa i-bipedalism ngezikhathi zesidingo (i-bipedalism yokuzikhethela). Kulezi zinhlobo, izinguquko ze-morphological zicashile. umzimba walezi zilwane iyaqhubeka nokugcina ibhalansi evundlile ne-quadrupedal. Phakathi kwezibankwa, i-bipedal locomotion yenziwa ikakhulu lapho ihambela entweni encane futhi kunenzuzo yokuba nensimu ebanzi ebukwayo, kunokuba iqondiswe entweni ebanzi kakhulu futhi okungadingekile ukuthi ibonwe.

O I-Basiliscus Basiliscus ikwazi ukugijima isebenzisa imilenze yayo yangemuva kuphela futhi ifinyelele isivinini esiphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba iyivumela ukuthi igijime emanzini ngaphandle kokucwila.

Intshe (Ikamela leStruthio)

le nyoni yi isilwane esinebhidi esheshayo emhlabeni, efinyelela ku-70 km / h. Akuyona nje kuphela inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke, futhi inemilenze emide kakhulu ngobukhulu bayo futhi inobude obude begxathu lapho isebenza: amamitha ama-5. Ubukhulu obukhulu bemilenze yayo ngokulingana nomzimba wayo, nokuma kwamathambo ayo, imisipha kanye nemisipha, kuyizici ezikhiqiza kulesi silwane ibanga elide kanye nobuningi begxathu eliphezulu, okuholela kusivinini salo esiphezulu.

I-Magellanic penguin (ISpheniscus magellanicus)

Le nyoni inezingqinamba ezihlukene phakathi ezinyaweni zayo, futhi ukuhamba kwayo komhlaba kuhamba kancane futhi akusebenzi kahle. Kodwa-ke, umzimba wayo we-morphology unedizayini ye-hydrodynamic, efinyelela ku-45 km / h lapho ibhukuda.

Iphela laseMelika (I-American Periplanet)

Iphela laseMelika liyisinambuzane ngakho-ke linemilenze eyisithupha (lingeleqembu leHexapoda). Lolu hlobo luguqulwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kutholakale isivunguvungu ngejubane elikhulu, futhi seluthuthukise ikhono lokuhamba ngemilenze emibili, lufinyelela ejubaneni lika-1.3m / s, elilingana nokuphinda izikhathi ezingama-40 ubude bomzimba ngomzuzwana.

Lezi zinhlobo zitholakale zinamaphethini e-locomotion ahlukile kuye ngokuthi ihamba ngokushesha kangakanani. Ngejubane eliphansi, usebenzisa igiya elinamasondo amathathu, esebenzisa imilenze yakhe emithathu. Ngejubane eliphakeme (elikhulu kune-1 m / s), ligijima nomzimba uphakanyiswe phansi, nangaphambili liphakanyiswe maqondana nangemuva. Kulesi simo, umzimba wakho uqhutshwa kakhulu yi imilenze yangemuva emide.

ezinye izilwane ezinamabhuzu

Njengoba sishilo, kuningi izilwane ezihamba ngemilenze emibili, futhi ngezansi sibonisa uhlu olunezibonelo eziningi:

  • meerkats
  • izimfene
  • izinkukhu
  • amaphengwini
  • Amadada
  • ama-kangaroo
  • gorilla
  • izimfene
  • AmaGibbon

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izilwane zeBipedal - Izibonelo Nezici, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.