-Delile
THE i-primate evolution kanye nemvelaphi yayo kudale impikiswano enkulu kanye nenqwaba yemicabango selokhu kuqale lezi zifundo. Le-oda elibanzi lezilwane ezincelisayo, okungabantu, lingelinye elisongelwa kakhulu ngabantu.
Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal, sizofunda ukuthi ama-primates angobani, yiziphi izici ezizichazayo, ukuthi zavela kanjani nokuthi uma kuyinto efanayo ukukhuluma ngezinkawu nezinyamazane. Sizochaza konke ngezansi, qhubeka ufunde!
Umsuka wezinkawu
THE imvelaphi ye-primate kujwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zezinkawu zabelana ngesethi yezici ezibahlukanisa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Iningi lama-primates akhona hlala ezihlahleni, ngakho-ke banokuguquguquka kokhonkolo okubavumela ukuthi bahole leyo ndlela yokuphila. izinyawo nezandla zakho kukhona kushintshwe ukuhamba phakathi kwamagatsha. Uzwane lonyawo luhluke kakhulu kwezinye izinzwane (ngaphandle komuntu), futhi lokhu kubavumela ukuthi babambelele ngokuqinile emagatsheni. Izandla nazo zinokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kepha lokhu kuzoya ngohlobo lwazo, njengesithupha esiphikisayo. Azinazinzipho nezipikili ezigobile njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ziyisicaba futhi azinamaphoyinti.
iminwe inayo imicamelo ethambile nge-dermatoglyphs (izigxivizo zeminwe) ezibavumela ukuba banamathele kangcono emagatsheni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezintendeni zezandla neminwe, kunezinhlaka zezinzwa ezibizwa nge-Meissner corpuscles, ezinikeza umqondo othuthukile kakhulu wokuthinta.Isikhungo somzimba samandla adonsela phansi sisondele emilenzeni, nayo eyiyo amalungu aqavile ngesikhathi sokuqothuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithambo lesithende lide kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kuma-primates ngamehlo. Okokuqala, zinkulu kakhulu maqondana nomzimba, futhi uma sikhuluma ngezinkawu zasebusuku, zinkulu kakhulu, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasebusuku ezisebenzisa ezinye izinzwa ukuhlala ebusuku. Labo amehlo avelele futhi ezinkulu zingenxa yokuba khona kwethambo ngemuva kweso, esikubiza ngokuthi yi-orbit.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- izinzwa ze-optic (elilodwa ngeso ngalinye) aliweleli ngokuphelele ebuchosheni, njengoba kwenzeka nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, lapho imininingwane engena esweni lokudla icutshungulwa engxenyeni yangakwesobunxele yobuchopho futhi imininingwane engena esweni lesobunxele icutshungulwa ngasohlangothini lwesokudla ubuchopho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, kuma-primates, imininingwane engena ngeso ngalinye ingacutshungulwa ezinhlangothini zombili zobuchopho, okunikeza ukuqonda okubanzi kakhulu kwemvelo.
Indlebe ye-primate ibonakala ngokuvela kwesakhiwo esibizwa nge-auditory ampulla, esakhiwe ngethambo le-tympanic kanye nethambo lesikhashana, elibandakanya indlebe ephakathi nendawo nangaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuzwa wokuhogela sengathi unciphile, ngephunga alisekho uphawu lwaleli qembu lezilwane.
Ngokuya ngobuchopho, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ubukhulu bayo abuyona into enqumayo. Ama-primates amaningi anobuchopho obuncane kunanoma yisiphi isilwane esincelisayo esivamile. Ama-dolphin, ngokwesibonelo, anobuchopho bawo, uma kuqhathaniswa nemizimba yawo, acishe abe makhulu njenganoma yimaphi ama-primate. Yini ehlukanisa ubuchopho nezimbongolo izakhiwo ezimbili zokwakheka ezihlukile embusweni wezilwane: the Indawo kaSylvia yi- inkatho ye-calcarin.
THE umhlathi namazinyo ama-primates awenzanga izinguquko ezinkulu noma ukuguqulwa. Banamazinyo angama-36, ama-incisors angu-8, ama-canine ama-4, ama-premolars ayi-12 nama-molars ayi-12.
Izinhlobo zezinkawu
Ngaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwentela kwama-primates, sithola ama-suborder amabili: okungaphansi "strepsirrhini", okungama-lemurs nama-lorisiforms, kanye ne-suborder "Haplorrhini", okubandakanya i- tarsiers nezinkawu.
kucofe
AmaStrepshyrins aziwa njenge izibungu zamakhala ezimanzi, inzwa yakho yokuhogela ayikanciphi futhi ihlala ingenye yezinzwa zakho ezibaluleke kakhulu. Leli qembu lifaka ama-lemurs, izakhamuzi zesiqhingi saseMadagascar. Zidume ngamaphimbo azo ezinomsindo, amehlo azo amakhulu nemikhuba yazo yasebusuku. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu zama-lemurs, kufaka phakathi i- i-lemur ikati noma i-lemur enomsila, ne-alaothra lemur, noma IHapalemur alaotrensis.
elinye iqembu le kucofe yibo loris, ifana kakhulu nama-lemurs, kepha abahlali bakwezinye izindawo zeplanethi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo siqokomisa iloli okubomvu okuncanei-loris tardigradus), uhlobo olusengozini enkulu evela eSri Lanka, noma iloli ukuhamba kancane kweBengal (Nycticebus bengalensis).
umabhebhana
I-Halplorrine kukhona izimpungushe zempumulo ezilula, balahlekelwa yingxenye yekhono labo lokunqoba. Iqembu elibaluleke kakhulu yi tarsiers. Lezi zinkawu zihlala e-Indonesia futhi zithathwa njengezilwane zobusathane ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo. Ngemikhuba yasebusuku, zinamehlo amakhulu kakhulu, iminwe emide kakhulu nomzimba omncane. womabili amaqembu umabhebhana kanye ne- tarsiers kuthathwa njengama-prosimians.
Iqembu lesibili le-haplorrhine yizinkawu, futhi ngokuvamile lihlukaniswe izinkawu ze-New World, izinkawu ze-Old World, nama-hominids.
- izinkawu zomhlaba omusha: wonke la ma-primates ahlala eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Isici sabo esikhulu ukuthi banomsila wangaphambi kokudla. Phakathi kwazo sithola izinkawu (howenler) I-Alouatta), izinkawu zasebusuku (uhlobo I-Aotusnezinkawu zesicabucabu (uhlobo Ama-Atheles).
- izinkawu zomhlaba ezindala: lezi zinkawu zihlala e-Afrika nase-Asia. Bayizinkawu ezingenawo umsila wangaphambilini, obizwa nangokuthi ama-catarrhines ngoba anekhala phansi, futhi anamaqhubu ezinqeni. Leli qembu lakhiwa izimfene (genus Theropithecusizinkawu (uhlobo inkawu), ama-cercopithecines (uhlobo ICercopithecus) kanye ne-colobus (uhlobo umkhuhlane).
- hominids: yizinyamakazi ezingenamsila, futhi ziyi-catarrhine. Umuntu ungowaleli qembu, elihlanganyela nama-gorilla (uhlobo gorilla), izimfene (uhlobo lohlobo ipani), ama-bonobos (uhlobo ipani) nama-orangutan (uhlobo IPong).
Unentshisekelo kuma-primates angewona awabantu? Bheka futhi: Izinhlobo zezinkawu
primate kwemvelo
Ngo- primate kwemvelo, izinsalela zamathambo ezisondelene kakhulu nezimbongolo zanamuhla noma ama-primates zisukela ku-Eocene ongasekho (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-55 edlule). Ekuqaleni kweMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 edlule), izinhlobo ezifanayo kakhulu nezanamuhla zaqala ukuvela. Kuneqembu elingaphakathi kwezinkawu okuthiwa plesiadapiform noma ezasendulo, izinyamazane ze-Paleocene (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 kuya kweziyi-55) ezibonisa izici ezithile ze-primate, yize lezi zilwane njengamanje kubhekwe ukuthi zaphambuka ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaphara futhi kamuva zanyamalala, ngakho-ke zazingeke zihlobene nazo.
Ngokwezinsalela ezitholakele, i- amazinyane okuqala Ezaziwayo zenzelwe impilo ye-arboreal futhi zinezici eziningi eziphambili ezihlukanisa leli qembu, njengekhakhayi, amazinyo namathambo ngokujwayelekile. Lezi zinsalela zitholakale eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia.
Izinsalela zokuqala ezazivela e-Ecoene Ephakathi zatholakala e-China futhi zihambelana nezihlobo zokuqala ze-primate (ama-Eosimians), manje asebengasekho. Izinhlobo zezinsalela zemindeni engasekho i-Adapidae ne-Omomyidae zaphinde zatholakala eGibhithe.
Umbhalo wezinsalela zamandulo ubhala wonke amaqembu akhona ezinyamazane, ngaphandle kwe-lemur yaseMalagasy, engenazo izinsalela zokhokho bayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinsalela ezivela eqenjini lodadewabo, ama-lorisiformes. Lezi zinsalela zatholakala eKenya futhi zineminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-20 ubudala, yize ukutholwa okusha kukhombisa ukuthi zazikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule. Ngakho-ke, siyazi ukuthi ama-lemurs nama-lorisiformes ahlukanise ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-40 edlule futhi enza i-suborder yamaphara abizwa ngama-strepsirrhines.
Okunye okungaphansi kwama-primates, ama-haplorrhines, kwavela e-China e-Eocene Ephakathi, ne-tarsiiformes infraorder. Enye i-infraorder, izinkawu, yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-30 eyedlule e-Oligocene.
O ukuvela kohlobo loHomo, okungeyomuntu, kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 eyedlule e-Afrika. Lapho ukuvela kwe-bipedalism kusengakacaci. Kukhona izinsalela zaseKenya lapho kusele khona amathambo amade ambalwa kuphela angaphakamisa ikhono elithile le-bipedal locomotion. Imivubukulo esobala kakhulu ye-bipedalism ivela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-3.4 edlule, ngaphambi kwembiwa edumile kaLucy (I-Australopithecus afarensis).
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Imvelaphi nokuvela kwezinkawu, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.