-Delile
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
- Ukuvela kokuzala kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
- Izici ze-Reptile Egg
- Ingabe izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyi-oviparous noma i-viviparous?
- Izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezihuquzelayo
- Izibonelo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nokuzala kwazo
Njengamanje, uhlu lozalo lapho izilwane ezihuquzelayo zavela khona lakhiwa iqembu lezilwane elaziwa ngokuthi amniotes, elenza isici esiyisisekelo sokukwazi ukwehlukanisa ngokuphelele kulezo zinhlobo ezazincike ngokuphelele emanzini ukuze zikhiqize kabusha.
Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal sizochaza konke mayelana ne- ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukuze wazi le nqubo yezinto eziphilayo kula ma-vertebrate. Sizokwethula izinhlobo ezikhona futhi sinikeze nezibonelo ezithile. Ukufunda okuhle.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyiqembu lapho kujwayelekile ukuthola izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa:
- I-Lineana: e-Linana, okuyisigaba sendabuko, lezi zilwane zibhekwa ngaphakathi kwe-vertebrate subphylum kanye nesigaba se-Reptilia.
- Izimo: ekwahlukanisweni kwezinto, okukhona manje, igama elithi "isilwane esihuquzelayo" alisetshenziswanga, kepha ngokuvamile lisungula ukuthi izilwane eziphilayo zaleli qembu amaLepidosaurs, amaTestudines nama-Arcosaurs. Esokuqala sasizokwakhiwa izibankwa nezinyoka, phakathi kwabanye; eyesibili, izimfudu; kanti eyesithathu, izingwenya nezinyoni.
Yize igama elithi "reptile" lisasetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuchazwe kabusha, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ngoba kuzofaka nezinyoni.
Ukuvela kokuzala kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Ama-Amphibian ayengama-vertebrate okuqala ukunqoba impilo esezingeni lomhlaba ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo izici ezithile, njenge:
- Imilenze ethuthuke kahle.
- Ukuguqulwa kwezinhlelo zombili zezinzwa nezokuphefumula.
- Ukulungiswa kohlelo lwamathambo, olungaba sezindaweni zomhlaba ngaphandle kwesidingo samanzi okuphefumula noma okondla.
Kodwa-ke, kunesici esisodwa lapho izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zisencike ngokuphelele emanzini: amaqanda azo, kanye nezibungu kamuva, zidinga indawo enamanzi ukuze zikhule.
Kepha uhlu lozalo oluqukethe izilwane ezihuquzelayo ithuthukise isu elithile lokuzala: ukukhula kweqanda elinogobolondo, okwenza ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zokuqala zikwazi ukuzimela ngokuphelele emanzini ukuze zenze inqubo yazo yokuzala. Kodwa-ke, abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo azikabususi ubudlelwano bazo nemvelo enomswakama yokuthuthuka kwamaqanda, kepha ukuthi lezi zigaba manje sezizokwenzeka ochungechungeni lwezinambuzane ezimboza umbungu nokuthi, ngaphezu kwezakhi ezidingekayo, zinikeza nomswakama futhi ukuvikelwa.
Izici ze-Reptile Egg
Ngalo mqondo, iqanda lesirhubuluzi libonakala ngokuba nalezi zingxenye:
- Amnion: ube nolwelwesi olubizwa ngokuthi i-amnion, oluhlanganisa umgodi ogcwele uketshezi, lapho umbungu untanta khona. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-amniotic vesicle.
- allantoic: lapho-ke kukhona i-allantoide, isikhwama esinolwelwesi esinomsebenzi wokuphefumula nowokugcina imfucuza.
- Chorium: bese kuba nolwelwesi lwesithathu olubizwa nge-chorion, lapho i-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide ijikeleza khona.
- ukukhonkotha: futhi ekugcineni, isakhiwo sangaphandle, okuyiShell, esinezimbobo futhi esinomsebenzi wokuvikela.
Ngeminye imininingwane, sikukhuthaza ukuthi ufunde le ndatshana ngezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Ingabe izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyi-oviparous noma i-viviparous?
Izwe lezilwane, ngaphezu kokuthakazelisa, li ebonakala ngokuhlukahluka, engabonakali kuphela ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo eziningi kangaka, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqembu ngalinye linezici namasu ahlukene aqinisekisa impumelelo yalo ngokwemvelo. Ngalo mqondo, isici sokuzala sezilwane ezihuquzelayo sihlukahluka kakhulu, ukuze kungabikho ukuxegiswa okuqinisekisiwe kule nqubo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zibonisa ukwehluka okukhulu kwe- amasu okuzala kunamanye ama-vertebrate, njenge:
- Amafomu wokukhula kombungu.
- Ukugcinwa kwamaqanda.
- I-Parthenogenesis.
- Ukuzimisela kwezocansi, okungaxhunyaniswa nezici zofuzo noma ezemvelo kwezinye izimo.
Ngokuvamile, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinezindlela ezimbili zokuzala, ukuze inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyi-oviparous. abesifazane bazalela amaqanda, ukuze umbungu ukhule ngaphandle komzimba womama, kuyilapho elinye iqembu elincane liyi-viviparous, ngakho-ke abesifazane bazobeletha abantwana asebevele sebekhulile.
Kepha sekukhona namacala atholakele ezihuquzelayo abanye ososayensi abawabizayo umabhebhana, yize kubuye kubhekwe ngabanye njengohlobo lwe-viviparism, okuyilapho ukukhula kombungu kwenzeka ngaphakathi kumama kepha kunganciki kuye ngokudla, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-lecytotrophic nutrition.
Izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezihuquzelayo
Izinhlobo zokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane zingacatshangelwa ngokubuka okuningana. Ngalo mqondo, manje ake sazi ukuthi i- ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zine- ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi, ngakho owesilisa walolu hlobo ukhulisa owesifazane, ukuze kamuva kukhule umbungu. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho abesifazane bengadingi ukuvundiswa ukuze kwenziwe ukukhula kombungu, lokhu kwaziwa njenge parthenogene, umcimbi ozoveza inzalo kamama ehambelana nofuzo. Icala lokugcina lingabonakala kwezinye izinhlobo ze-geckos, njenge-lizard spiny (binoei heteronoty) nasezinhlotsheni zezilonda eziqaphile, udrako ohlukile weKomodo (Varanus komodoensis).
Enye indlela yokubheka izinhlobo zokukhiqiza kabusha kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi ngabe ukukhulelwa kungaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Endabeni yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kuhlale kukhona ukukhulelwa kwangaphakathi. Abesilisa banesitho sokuzala esaziwa njenge-hemipenis, esivame ukwehluka kohlobo olulodwa kuye kolunye, kepha sitholakala ngaphakathi kwesilwane futhi, njengasendabeni yezilwane ezincelisayo, iyavela noma ivuke ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, ngakho-ke owesilisa uyayethula kowesifazane ukumvundisa.
Izibonelo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nokuzala kwazo
Manje ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza kabusha kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo:
- Izilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezi-oviparous: ezinye izinyoka ezinjengezisudu, izibankwa ezifana nodrako waseKomodo, izimfudu nezingwenya.
- ezihuquzelayo ovoviviparous: uhlobo lwezinhlwathi, njengezinhlobo ze-Trioceros jacksonii, izinyoka zohlobo lwe-Crotalus, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-rattlesnakes, i-asp viper (i-Vipera aspis) kanye nesibankwa esingenamlenze esaziwa nge-licranço noma ingilazi yenyoka (i-Anguis fragilis).
- Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezi-Viviparous: ezinye izinyoka, njengezimbungulu nezinye izibankwa, njengezinhlobo ze-Chalcides striatus, ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi inyoka enemilenze emithathu kanye nezibankwa zohlobo lweMabuya.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuyindawo ethokozisayo, unikezwe okuhlukile okukhona eqenjini, okungagcini ezinhlotsheni zokuzala okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, kepha kukhona okunye okwehlukile, okufana nezinhlobo, kuya ngendawo lapho zitholakala khona., kungaba oviparous noma viviparous.
Isibonelo salokhu yi-viviparous zootoca (Zootoca viviparous), ezala kabusha i-oviparaly kubantu base-Iberia abasentshonalanga yeSpain, lapho abaseFrance, iBritish Isles, iScandinavia, iRussia kanye nengxenye ye-Asia bekhiqiza i-viviparaly. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngezinhlobo ezimbili ze izibankwa zase-Australia, umculi we-bougainvilli futhi Saiphos equallis, ezibonisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzala ngokuya ngendawo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengezinye izilwane, aziyeki ukusimangaza ngeziningi zazo amafomu aguquguqukayo ezifuna ukuqhubeka nezinhlobo ezakha leli qembu lama-vertebrate.
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesirhubuluzi - Izinhlobo nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.