-Delile
- yini i-symbiosis
- I-Symbiosis: incazelo ngokusho kwesichazamazwi se-Priberam
- Izinhlobo ze-symbiosis
- Ukubambisana
- Ubuzwe
- Parasitism
- izibonelo ze-symbiosis
- Ukubambisana
- Ubusoshiyali:
- I-Parasitism:
- i-symbiosis yomuntu:
- endosymbiosis
Ngokwemvelo, konke okuphilayo, kungaba izilwane, izitshalo noma amabhaktheriya, dala ama-bond futhi wakhe ubudlelwane kusuka kumalungu omndeni owodwa kuya kubantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Singabona ubudlelwano phakathi kwesidalwa nesisulu saso, abazali kanye nenzalo yaso, noma ukuxhumana okuqale kudlule ukuqonda kwethu.
Kukhona okuzwile ngaleli gama? Kule ndatshana ka-Animal Expert, sizochaza konke mayelana i-symbiosis ku-biology: incazelo kanye nezibonelo. Ungaphuthelwa!
yini i-symbiosis
Igama elithi symbiosis ku-biology laqanjwa nguDe Bary ngo-1879. Ligama elichazayo ukuhlangana kwezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezingahlobene kakhulu ne-phylogeny (ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo), okungukuthi, azizona ezezinhlobo ezifanayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla kwaleli gama ngokuvamile kucabanga ukuthi okushiwo yi-symbiosis ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezimbili eziphilayo lapho izinto eziphilayo zizuza khona, noma ngabe ngezilinganiso ezihlukile.
Inhlangano kumele ibe unomphela phakathi kwalaba bantu abasoze bahlukaniswa. Izinto eziphilayo ezibandakanyeka kwi-symbiosis zibizwa ngokuthi "ama-symbionts" futhi zingazuza kukho, zilimale noma zingatholi mthelela kunhlangano.
Kulobu budlelwane, kuyenzeka kaningi ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zingalingani ngosayizi futhi kude ku-phylogeny. Isibonelo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene eziphakeme nezincane noma phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwanyana ezincane, lapho kuhlala khona izinto ezincane ngaphakathi komuntu.
I-Symbiosis: incazelo ngokusho kwesichazamazwi se-Priberam
Ukukhombisa kafushane ukuthi yini i-symbiosis, sinikeza nencazelo yePriberam [1]:
1. f. (Biology) Inhlangano ebuyisanayo yezinto eziphilayo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezibavumela ukuthi baphile ngenzuzo.
Izinhlobo ze-symbiosis
Ngaphambi kokuba sinikeze izibonelo ezithile, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-symbiosis okukhona:
Ukubambisana
Ekuvumelaneni okubumbene, zombili izinhlangothi uzuze ebudlelwaneni. Kodwa-ke, izinga izinzuzo ze-syliote ngayinye ezingahluka ngalo futhi kaningi kunzima ukulinganisa. Inzuzo etholwa yi-symbiote evela kusoseshini ohlangene kufanele ibhekwe kuye ngokuthi kubiza malini kuye. Cishe asikho isibonelo sokusebenzisana lapho bobabili abalingani bezuza ngokulinganayo.
Ubuzwe
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi leli gama lachazwa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambi kokudideka. Sibiza ubukhomanisi lobo budlelwano lapho elinye lamaqembu lithola izinzuzo ngaphandle kokulimaza noma ukuzuzisa elinye. Sisebenzisa igama elithi commensalism ngomqondo walo owedlulele, inzuzo yalo ingezinye zezimpawu futhi ingaba nokudla okunomsoco noma ukuvikela.
Parasitism
I-Parasitism ubuhlobo obulinganayo lapho enye yezinzuzo ze-symbionts ngokulahlekelwa enye. Isici sokuqala se-parasitism wukudla, yize ezinye izinto zingenzeka: lesi silwanyana sithola ukudla kwaso emzimbeni esikhubaza. Lolu hlobo lwe-symbiosis luthinta umphathi ngezindlela ezihlukile. Amanye ama-parasites ane-pathogenic kangangokuba akhiqiza isifo ngokushesha ngemuva kokungena ku-host. Kwezinye izinhlangano, ama-symbionts ahlangane ngokushintshana ukuze ukufa komninikhaya (umzimba okhubazekile) kungathukutheliswa, futhi ubudlelwane besikhathi eside buhlala isikhathi eside.
Hlangana nezilwane ezingama-20 ezingadeli kule ndatshana yezilwane iPerito.
izibonelo ze-symbiosis
lezi ezinye izibonelo ze-symbiosis:
Ukubambisana
- I-symbiosis phakathi kwe-algae nama-coral: amakhorali yizilwane ezikhula kahle emithonjeni yemidiya engenazo izakhamzimba ngenxa yobudlelwano bazo be-symbiotic ne-algae. Lokhu kunikela ngokudla nomoya-mpilo, kanti amakhorali ahlinzeka ulwelwe ngezinto ezisasele njenge-nitrogen ne-nitrogen dioxide.
- I-clownfish ne-sea anemone: usibonile lesi sibonelo ezikhathini eziningi. I-sea anemone (umndeni we-jellyfish) inento ebabayo ukukhubaza isisulu sayo. I-clownfish iyazuza ngalobu budlelwano ngoba ithola ukuvikelwa nokudla, njengoba nsuku zonke isusa i-anemone yama-parasites amancane nokungcola, okuyinzuzo abayitholayo.
Ubusoshiyali:
- Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenhlanzi yesiliva nentuthwane: lesi sinambuzane sihlala nezintuthwane, sizilinda zilethe ukudla ezizokudla. Lobu budlelwano, ngokuphikisana nalokho esingakucabanga, abulimazi noma busizakale izintuthwane, ngoba izinhlanzi zesiliva zisebenzisa kuphela inani elincane lokudla okulondoloziwe.
- Indlu yesihlahla: esinye sezibonelo ezicace bha zokwehlukaniswa kwezizwe ukuthi lapho isilwane sifuna ukuphephela emagatsheni noma emithini yezihlahla. Imifino, ngokuvamile, ayitholi monakalo noma inzuzo kulobu budlelwano.
I-Parasitism:
- Amazeze nenja (isibonelo se-parasitism): lesi yisibonelo esingasibona kalula ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke. Amazeze asebenzisa inja njengendawo yokuhlala nokuzalela, ngaphezu kokondla igazi layo. Inja ayizuzi ngalobu budlelwano, kunalokho, amakhaza angadlulisela izifo ezinjeni.
- I-cuckoo (isibonelo se-parasitism): I-cuckoo iyinyoni ebeka izidleke kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lapho efika esidlekeni esinamaqanda, uyawafaka endaweni yawo, abeke awakhe ahambe. Lapho izinyoni eziphethe amaqanda asuswe endaweni yazo zifika, aziqapheli futhi zakha amaqanda enkukhu.
i-symbiosis yomuntu:
- Inyoni eqondisayo yoju neMasai: e-Afrika, kunenyoni eqondisa amaMasai emigedeni efihlwe ezihlahleni. Abantu baxosha izinyosi bese beqoqa uju, beshiya inyoni ikhululekile ukuthi ithathe uju ngaphandle kosongo lwezinyosi.
- Ubudlelwano namagciwane: ngaphakathi emathunjini omuntu nasesikhumbeni, kunamagciwane azuzisayo asivikelayo futhi asisize siphile kahle, ngaphandle kwawo ubukhona bethu bebungeke bube khona.
endosymbiosis
THE umbono we-endosymbiosis, ngamafuphi, ichaza ukuthi kwakuyinyunyana yamaseli amabili ama-prokaryotic (ngokwesibonelo, amagciwane) ama-chloroplast (i-organelle ebhekene ne-photosynthesis kumaseli ezitshalo) kanye mitochondria (ama-organelles abhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula kumaseli ezitshalo nezilwane).
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isifundo se-symbiosis sesiphenduke i- isiyalo sesayensi futhi kuye kwaphikiswa ukuthi i-symbiosis ayibobudlelwano obuhleliwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kepha ingaziveza ngezindlela eziningi, njenge-commensalism noma i-parasitism. Ukuvumelana okuzinzile lapho umnikelo wesidalwa ngasinye esithintekayo kuqinisekisa ikusasa lalo.
