Izinhlobo Zomiyane

Umlobi: Peter Berry
Usuku Lokudalwa: 17 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 21 Usepthemba 2024
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-Delile

Isikhathi umiyane, isitaki noma isibungu lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa eqenjini lezinambuzane elingelakhe ngqo kwi-oda iDiptera, igama elisho ukuthi "ezinamaphiko amabili". Yize leli gama lingenakho ukuhlukaniswa kwentela, ukusetshenziswa kwalo sekusabalele ukuze ukusetshenziswa kwalo kujwayelekile, ngisho nasezimeni zesayensi.

Ezinye zalezi zilwane azinamthelela empilweni yabantu futhi azinabungozi ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, kukhona omiyane abayingozi, abadlulisa izifo ezithile ezibalulekile ezidale izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Lapha ePeritoAnimal, sethula i-athikili mayelana izinhlobo zomiyane, ukuze ukwazi ukwazi omele iqembu kakhulu nokuthi angatholwa kuphi emazweni athile. Ukufunda okuhle.


Zingaki izinhlobo zomiyane ezikhona?

Njengabanye abaningi embusweni wezilwane, ukuhlukaniswa komiyane akukasungulwa ngokuphelele, njengoba izifundo ze-phylogenetic ziqhubeka, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezinto zokwenziwa kwezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, inani lezinhlobo zomiyane ezikhonjwe njengamanje seliseduze 3.531[1], kepha leli nani kungenzeka likhuphuke.

Yize izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi omiyane, ama-stilts nezinsensane, omiyane beqiniso bahlukaniswa baba yimikhaya emibili futhi ngokulandelayo ngokulandelayo:

  • Ukuhleleka: IDiptera
  • Ngaphansi: nematocera
  • I-infraorder: Culicomorph
  • mkhaya: Culicoidea
  • Umndeni: Culicidae
  • Imindeni: UCulicinae no-Anophelinae

umndeni omncane ICulicinae yona ihlukaniswe yaba yisizukulwane esingu-110, Ngenkathi I-Anophelinae ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu, ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni jikelele, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.


Izinhlobo Zomiyane Abakhulu

Ngaphakathi kokuhleleka kweDiptera, kune-infraorder ebizwa ngeTipulomorpha, ehambelana nomndeni wakwaTipulidae, onenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zeDiptera ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "tipula", "crane fly" noma "omiyane abakhulu’ [2]. Ngaphandle kwaleli gama, leli qembu alihambisani impela nomiyane wangempela, kepha babizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokufana okuthile.

Lezi zinambuzane zinomjikelezo wokuphila omfushane, imvamisa zinemizimba emincane futhi entekenteke ekala, ngaphandle kokubheka imilenze, phakathi kuka-3 nangaphezulu kuka-60mm. Umehluko omkhulu obahlukanisa nomiyane beqiniso ukuthi i-tipulid inezikhala zomlomo ezibuthakathaka ezinde kakhulu, zakha uhlobo lwempumulo, eziyisebenzisela ukondla nencindi, kepha hhayi egazini elifana nomiyane.


Ezinye izinhlobo ezakha umndeni wakwaTipulidae yilezi:

  • I-Nephrotoma appendiculata
  • brachypremna breviventris
  • i-tipula yasemoyeni
  • UTipula pseudovariipennis
  • I-tipula enkulu

Izinhlobo zomiyane abancane

Omiyane beqiniso, ababizwa nangokuthi omiyane kwezinye izindawo, bangabomndeni wakwaCulicidae futhi ngokuvamile babonakala ngokuba izinhlobo zomiyane mncane, nemizimba evulekile ilinganisa phakathi 3 no-6 mm, ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Toxorhynchites, olufinyelela kubude obufinyelela kuma-20 mm. Isici esihlukile sezinhlobo eziningana eqenjini ubukhona be- a okhulumela i-sucker-chopper, abanye (ikakhulukazi abesifazane) abakwaziyo ukuzondla ngegazi ngokubhoboza isikhumba somuntu ophetheyo.

Abesifazane bane-hematophagous, ngoba ukuze amaqanda akhule, kudingeka izakhamzimba ezithile ezitholakala egazini. Abanye abalidli igazi futhi banikeze izidingo zabo umpe noma ubisi, kepha yilokhu ngqo kulokhu kuxhumana nabantu noma nezilwane ezithile lapho lezi zinambuzane zidlulisa amabhaktheriya, amagciwane noma i-protozoa ebanga izifo ezibalulekile futhi, kubantu abazwela kakhulu, ngisho nokusabela okweqile komzimba . Ngalo mqondo, kuseqenjini leCulicidae esilitholayo omiyane abayingozi.

Aedes

Enye yalezi zimiyane ezincane uhlobo lwe-Aedes, okungenzeka ukuthi luhlobo lwe ukubaluleka okukhulu kwe-epidemiological, ngoba kuyo sithola izinhlobo eziningana ezikwazi ukudlulisa izifo ezifana ne-yellow fever, udenga, iZika, chikungunya, i-canine heartworm, igciwane le-Mayaro ne-filariasis. Yize kungesona isici esiphelele, izinhlobo eziningi zohlobo lwegciwane zinayo amabhande amhlophe futhi mnyama emzimbeni, kufaka phakathi imilenze, engaba wusizo ekukhombeni. Iningi lamalungu eqembu lisatshalaliswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo, kanti kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezisatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nasendaweni eshisayo.

Ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Aedes yilezi:

  • Aedes aegypti
  • I-Aedes african
  • I-Aedes albopictus (umiyane wengwe)
  • aedes furcifer
  • U-Aedes taeniorhynchus

Anopheles

Uhlobo lwe-Anopheles lusatshalaliswa umhlaba wonke eMelika, e-Europe, e-Asia, e-Afrika nase-Oceania, ngokukhula okuthe xaxa ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ngaphakathi kwama-Anopheles sithola amaningana omiyane abayingozi, njengoba eziningana zazo zingadlulisa izimuncagazi ezahlukahlukene ezibanga umalaleveva. Ezinye zidala lesi sifo esibizwa nge-lymphatic filariasis futhi ziyakwazi ukuthutha nokusulela abantu ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane egciwane.

Ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Anopheles yilezi:

  • U-Anopheles Gambia
  • Anopheles atroparvirus
  • U-Anopheles albimanus
  • I-Anopheles introlatus
  • I-Anopheles quadrimaculatus

culex

Olunye uhlobo olunokubaluleka kwezokwelapha ngaphakathi komiyane culex, enezinhlobo eziningana ezikhona izifo ezinkulu ezithwala izifo, njengezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-encephalitis, igciwane laseNtshonalanga Nile, i-filariasis kanye nomalaleveva wezinyoni. Amalungu alolu hlobo ahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi 4 kuya ku-10 mm, ngakho-ke zibhekwa njengezincane ukuya eziphakathi. Banokusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke, ngezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-768 ezihlonziwe, yize ubukhulu becala lamacala bhalisiwe e-Afrika, e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika.

Ezinye izibonelo zohlobo lweCulex yilezi:

  • culex modus
  • Culex pipiens
  • Culex quinquefasciatus
  • UCulex tritaeniorhynchus
  • culex brupt

Izinhlobo zomiyane ngezwe kanye / noma isifunda

Ezinye izinhlobo zomiyane zisatshalaliswa kabanzi, kanti ezinye zitholakala ngendlela ethile emazweni athile. Ake sibheke amanye amacala:

EBrazil

Lapha sizogqamisa izinhlobo zomiyane abadlulisa izifo ezweni:

  • Aedes aegypti - idlulisa uDengue, iZika neChikungunya.
  • I-Aedes albopictus- Idlulisa Udenga Nombala Ophuzi.
  • Culex quinquefasciatus - idlulisa iZika, Elephantiasis neWest Nile Fever.
  • Haemagogus futhi Sabethes - dlulisa uMkhuhlane Ophuzi
  • Anopheles - i-vector ye-protozoan Plasmodium, ekwaziyo ukudala i-Malaria
  • UPhlebotome - Idlulisa iLeishmaniasis

ISpain

Sithole izinhlobo zomiyane ngaphandle kwenzalo yezokwelapha, njenge, I-Culex laticinctus, culexhortensis, culexehlane futhiculex AbaseTerritan, kanti ezinye zibalulekile ngokombono wezempilo ngomthamo wazo njengamavektha. Kuyindaba ye- Culex mimeticus, culex modus, Culex pipiens, UCulex theileri, U-Anopheles claviger, u-Anopheles plumbeus futhi Anopheles atroparvirus, phakathi kwabanye. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zinezinhlobo zokusatshalaliswa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

EMexico

Nakhu Kukhonjwe izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingama-247, kodwa zimbalwa zazo ezinomthelela empilweni yomuntu. [3]. Ezinhlotsheni ezikhona kuleli ezikwazi ukudlulisa izifo, sithola i- Aedes aegypti, okuyi-vector yezifo ezifana nodenga, i-chikungunya ne-zika; U-Anopheles albimanus futhi Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, odlulisa umalaleveva; futhi kukhona nokuba khona kwe- Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, kubangela i-encephalitis.

I-United States neCanada

Kungenzeka uthole izinhlobo ezithile zomiyane, ngokwesibonelo: Culex Territans, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwezokwelapha. Umalaleveva wawukhona naseNyakatho Melika ngenxa ye- I-Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Kulesi sifunda, kepha kukhawulelwe ezindaweni ezithile zase-United States nangaphansi, i- Aedes aegyptifuthi ingaba nobukhona.

i-South America

Emazweni anjengeColombia neVenezuela, phakathi kokunye, izinhlobo Anopheles nuneztovari kungenye yezimbangela zikamalaleveva. Ngokufanayo, yize kunebanga lokusabalalisa elikhudlwana elihlanganisa nenyakatho, i- U-Anopheles albimanusfuthi kudlulisa lesi sifo sakamuva. Ngokungangabazeki, olunye lwezinhlobo ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu esifundeni yi Aedes aegypti. Siphinde sathola olunye lwezinhlobo eziyikhulu eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, ezikwazi ukudlulisa izifo ezahlukahlukene, i- I-Aedes albopictus.

I-Asia

Singasho izinhlobo I-Anopheles introlatus, yini ebangela umalaleveva ezinkawini. Futhi kulesi sifunda i- laten anopheles, okuyi-vector yomalaleveva kubantu kanye nezinkawu nezinkawu. Esinye isibonelo yi- anopheles stephensi, futhi imbangela yalesi sifo esishiwo.

Afrika

Endabeni ye-Afrika, isifunda lapho izifo ezahlukahlukene ezidluliswa ukulunywa omiyane zisabalele, singasho ukuthi kukhona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: aedes luteocephalus, Aedes aegypti, I-Aedes african futhi I-Aedes vittatus, yize eyokugcina nayo ifinyelela naseYurophu nase-Asia.

Njengoba sesishilo, lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje kweziningi zezinhlobo zomiyane ezikhona, njengoba ukwehluka kwazo kubanzi impela. Emazweni amaningi, eziningi zalezi zifo ziye zalawulwa futhi zaqedwa, kanti kwezinye zisekhona. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kungenxa ye- ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izindawo ezahlukahlukene bezilokhu zifudumele, okuye kwavumela amanye ama-vectors ukuthi andise indawo yawo yokusabalalisa ngakho-ke adlulise izifo ezimbalwa ezishiwo ngenhla lapho zazingekho khona ngaphambilini.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izinhlobo Zomiyane, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.