Izilwane eziguquguqukayo - Incazelo, izibonelo nezimpawu

Umlobi: John Stephens
Usuku Lokudalwa: 25 Ujanuwari 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 20 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
Izilwane eziguquguqukayo - Incazelo, izibonelo nezimpawu - Izifufuzo Ezifuywayo
Izilwane eziguquguqukayo - Incazelo, izibonelo nezimpawu - Izifufuzo Ezifuywayo

-Delile

Esinye sezigameko ezibaluleke kakhulu entuthukweni yesayensi kwaba ukuthi kungenzeka Clone izilwane. Kunamathuba amakhulu okusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ne-biotechnological, njengoba izifo eziningi zaqedwa ngenxa yalezi zilwane. Kepha ziyini empeleni? Yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zayo?

Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal, siyachaza yiziphi izilwane eziguquguqukayo, yini i-transgenesis equkethe, futhi ikhombisa izibonelo nezimpawu zezilwane ezithile ezaziwa kakhulu ze-transgenic.

yini i-transgenesis

I-Transgenesis yinqubo lapho imininingwane yezofuzo (i-DNA noma i-RNA) iyadluliselwa kusuka kwesinye isidalwa kuye kwesinye, kuguqula owesibili, nayo yonke inzalo yayo, kube izidalwa eziphilayo. Izinto eziphelele zofuzo azidluliswa, kukodwa kuphela noma izakhi zofuzo ezikhethiwe ngaphambilini, ezikhishwe futhi ezahlukaniswa.


Yiziphi izilwane ezi-transgenic

Izilwane zeTransgenic yilezo ezinye izici ebezikhona ngokwezakhi zofuzo modified, ehluke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-asexual phakathi kwezilwane, okubizwa nangokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-clonal.

Ngokwethiyori, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ngakho-ke zonke izilwane, zingasetshenziswa ngokofuzo. Imibhalo yesayensi iqopha ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezifana nezimvu, izimbuzi, izingulube, izinkomo, onogwaja, amagundane, amagundane, izinhlanzi, izinambuzane, izimuncagazi ngisho nabantu. Kepha i igundane kwakuyisilwane sokuqala esisetshenzisiwe, futhi lapho wonke amasu ahlolwe aphumelela khona.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamagundane sekuvame kakhulu ngoba kulula ukwethula imininingwane emisha yezakhi zofuzo kumaseli abo, lezi zofuzo zidluliselwa kalula enzalweni, futhi zinemijikelezo yokuphila emifushane kakhulu kanye nodoti obuningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yisilwane esincane, okulula ukusiphatha futhi esingacindezeli kakhulu, uma kubhekwa impilo yaso ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ekugcineni, i-genome yakho iyefana kakhulu kubantu.


Kunezindlela eziningana zokukhiqiza izilwane eziguquguqukayo:

I-Transgenesis nge-microinjection yama-zygotes

Kusetshenziswa le ndlela, ukwenziwa kwe-superovulation kuqala kubangelwa kwabesifazane, ngokwelashwa kwe-hormonal.Ngemuva kwalokho, i- kokukhulelwa, okungaba ku-in vitro noma ku-vivo. Amaqanda avundisiwe abe eseqoqwa bese ehlukaniswa. Lapha isigaba sokuqala sale nqubo siyaphela.

Esigabeni sesibili, ama-zygote (amaseli aqhamuka ekuhlanganeni kweqanda nesidoda ngokwemvelo noma ngokukhulelwa ku-in vitro noma ku-vivo) thola i- ukujovwa ngesisombululo esiqukethe i-DNA esifuna ukuyifaka ku-genome.

Ngemuva kwalokho, lawa ma-zygote asevele esetshenzisiwe aphinde abuyiselwe esibelethweni sikamama, ukuze ukukhulelwa kwenzeke endaweni yemvelo. Ekugcineni, uma imidlwane isikhulile futhi ilunyuliwe, sekulungile kuqinisekisiwe ngabe bayifaka i-transgene (i-DNA yangaphandle) ku-genome yabo.


I-Transgenesis ngokukhohlisa amaseli ombungu

Kule ndlela, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ama-zygote, i-transgene yethulwa kufayela le- amaseli ama-stem. Lawa maseli asuswa kwi-blastula ekhulayo (isigaba sokukhula kombungu esiboniswa ungqimba olulodwa lwamaseli) futhi afakwa esisombululo esivimbela amangqamuzana ekuhlukaniseni nasala njengama-stem cells. Ngemuva, kwethulwa iDNA yangaphandle, amangqamuzana afakwa kabusha ku-blastula, futhi lokhu kubuyiselwa esibelethweni sikamama.

Inzala oyithola ngale ndlela yi-chimera, okusho ukuthi amanye amaseli emzimbeni wakho azoveza isakhi sofuzo kanti amanye ngeke. Ngokwesibonelo, "i-ovegoat", i-chimerism phakathi kwezimvu nembuzi, yisilwane esinezingxenye zomzimba ezinoboya nezinye izingxenye ezinoboya. Ngokuqhubeka nokuwela ama-chimera, kutholwa abantu abazoba ne-transgene kulayini wabo wamagciwane, okungukuthi, emaqanda abo noma isidoda.

I-Transgenesis ngokuguqulwa kwamaseli we-somatic nokudluliswa kwenuzi noma ukwakheka

Ukwenza i-Cloning kuqukethe ukukhipha amaseli embungu ye-blastula, zihlakulele ku-vitro bese uzifaka ku-oocyte (iseli lesifazane eliyigciwane) lapho i-nucleus isuswe khona. Ngakho-ke bahlangana ngendlela yokuthi i-oocyte iphenduka iqanda, enoketshezi izinto zofuzo zeseli lokuqala lombungu, nokuqhubeka nokukhula kwayo njenge-zygote.

Izibonelo zezilwane eziguquguqukayo

Eminyakeni engama-70 edlule, kwenziwa uchungechunge locwaningo nokuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale izilwane eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kodumo olukhulu lwezimvu zikaDolly, wayengesona isilwane sokuqala esakhiwa emhlabeni ngu izilwane eziguquguqukayo. Bheka ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezaziwa nge-transgenic ngezansi:

  • Amaxoxo: ngo-1952 kwenziwa ukwakheka kokuqala emlandweni. Kwakuyisisekelo sokwakha uDolly izimvu.
  • THE izimvu zedoli: idume ngokuba yisilwane sokuqala esakhiwe ngenqubo yokudluliswa kwenuzi kwamaselula kusuka esitokisini somuntu omdala, hhayi ngokuba yisilwane sokuqala ukwakhiwa, njengoba kwakungenjalo. UDolly wabunjwa ngo-1996.
  • Izinkomo zakwaNoto nezamaKaga: zakhiwa eJapane izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane, njengengxenye yephrojekthi eyayifuna thuthukisa ikhwalithi nobungako benyama edliwayo ngabantu.
  • Imbuzi iMira: le mbuzi eyakhiwe ngo-1998, wayengumanduleli wezinkomo uyakwazi ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa eziwusizo kubantu emzimbeni wakho.
  • I-Ombretta mouflon: isilwane sokuqala esakhiwe nge londoloza uhlobo olusengozini yokuqothulwa.
  • Ikati le-copycat: ngo-2001, inkampani ye-Genetic Savings & Clone yakha ikati elifuywayo nge kuyaphela izikhangiso.
  • Izinkawu Zhong Zhong ne-Hua Hua: ama-primates aqala ukwakhiwa ngenqubo esetshenziswe ezimvwini zikaDolly, ngo-2017.

Izilwane ze-Transgenic: izinzuzo nezinkinga

Njengamanje, i-transgenesis iyi- isihloko esinempikiswano enkulu, futhi le mpikiswano ivela ikakhulu ekushodeni kolwazi mayelana nokuthi yini i-transgenesis, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, nokuthi imuphi umthetho olawula inqubo nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane zokuhlola.

Emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, ukuvikeleka kwezinto eziphilayo kulawulwa ngeqoqo lemithetho ethile, izinqubo noma iziqondiso. EBrazil, umthetho we-biosafety usebenza kakhulu nge-recombinant DNA noma i-RNA technology.

Umthetho 8974, kaJanuwari 5, 1995, Isinqumo 1752, sikaDisemba 20, 1995, kanye neProvisional Measure 2191-9, ka-Agasti 23, 2001[1], ukusungula amazinga okuphepha kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu wobunjiniyela ekwakhiweni, ekulimeni, ekuphatheni, ekuthuthweni, ekuthengiseni, ekusebenziseni, ekukhishweni nasekulahlweni umzimba oguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo (GMO), kuhlose ukuvikela impilo nempilo yomuntu, izilwane nezitshalo, kanye nemvelo.[2]

Phakathi kobuhle nobubi obutholwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezilwane eziguquguqukayo, sithola okulandelayo:

Izinzuzo

  • Ukwenza ngcono ocwaningweni, ngokombono wolwazi lwe-genome.
  • Izinzuzo zokukhiqizwa kwezilwane nempilo.
  • Intuthuko ezifundweni zezifo ezilwaneni nakubantu, njengomdlavuza.
  • Ukukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa.
  • Umnikelo womzimba nezicubu.
  • Ukudalwa kwamabhange ezakhi zofuzo ukuvikela ukuphela kwezinhlobo.

Okubi

  • Ngokuguqula izinhlobo esevele zikhona, singabeka izinhlobo zemvelo engcupheni.
  • Ukuvezwa kwamaprotheni amasha abekade engekho esilwaneni esinikezwe kungaholela ekuveleni komzimba.
  • Lapho kuzofakwa khona ufuzo olusha lungabekwa ezimweni ezithile, ngakho imiphumela elindelekile ingahle ingahambi kahle.
  • Kusetshenziswa izilwane eziphilayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza ukubuyekezwa kokuziphatha futhi unqume ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingaba misha futhi ifanele kangakanani.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izilwane eziguquguqukayo - Incazelo, izibonelo nezimpawu, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.