Izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlanzi

-Delile

• Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi
• Ezinye izici zezinhlanzi
• Izinhlanzi zibhukuda kanjani?
• Izinhlanzi zintanta kanjani?
• Izinhlanzi ziphefumula kanjani?
• I-Osmosis enhlanzini
• Ukuziphatha kwe-trophic kwezinhlanzi
• Ukuzala nokukhula kwezinhlanzi
• Izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlanzi ngokweqembu lazo
• inhlanzi enezela
• izinhlanzi ezinamandla

Imvamisa, wonke ama-vertebrate asemanzini abizwa ngokuthi izinhlanzi, yize lesi sigaba asilungile ngoba amanye ama-vertebrate asemanzini, njengemikhomo, yizilwane ezincelisayo. Kepha into enelukuluku ukuthi izinhlanzi nama-vertebrate omhlaba ahlanganyela ukhokho ofanayo. Izinhlanzi ziyiqembu okuthi, yize lingelakudala kakhulu, lazuza impumelelo enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengoba imvelo yasemanzini ibivumela ukuthi iphile inani elikhulu lezindawo zokuhlala. Ukuzivumelanisa kwabo nakho kwabanikeza ikhono lokukolonitha kusuka ezindaweni ezinamanzi anosawoti kuya ezifundeni zamanzi angenasawoti emifuleni nasemachibini, ngezinhlobo ezinamandla okuhlala kuzo zombili izindawo nokunqoba imifula (njenge-salmon, ngokwesibonelo).

Uma ufuna ukuqhubeka ufunda nge izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlanzi, iqembu elihluke kakhulu elihlala emanzini eplanethi, qhubeka ufunda le ndatshana ngabakwaPeritoAnimal futhi sizokutshela konke ngabo.

Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi

Yize siyiqembu elinezimo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, singachaza izinhlanzi ngezici ezilandelayo:

• ama-vertebrate asemanzini: ngokwamatekisi e-vertebrate ahlukahlukene kakhulu njengamanje. Ukuzivumelanisa kwabo nempilo yasemanzini kwabavumela ukuba balolonge zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zasemanzini. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva kuSilurian ongasekho, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400 edlule.
• amathambo: banezinhlaka zamathambo ezinezindawo ezimbalwa kakhulu ze-cartilaginous, lokhu umehluko wabo omkhulu nezinhlanzi ze-chondric.
• Ama-Ectotherms: okungukuthi, bathembele ekushiseni kwama-ambient ukulawula ukushisa komzimba wabo, ngokungafani ne-endothermics.
• ukuphefumula kwe-gill: zinezinhlelo zokuphefumula lapho izitho zokuphefumula eziyinhloko ziyizigaxa futhi zimbozwe isakhiwo esibizwa nge-operculum, esisebenza futhi ukwehlisa ikhanda nomzimba wonke. Ezinye izinhlobo ziphefumula ngamaphaphu asuselwa esinyeni sokubhukuda, naso esisebenza ukuntanta.
• umlomo wokugcina: Banomlomo wokugcina (hhayi i-ventral, njengakwisifo se-cartilaginous) futhi ugebhezi lwabo lwakhiwe ngamathambo amaningi wesikhumba. Lawa mathambo wona asekela amazinyo. ezingenakushintshwa lapho ziphuka noma ziwa.
• Amaphiko we-Pectoral kanye ne-pelvic: Yiba namaphiko we-pectoral wangaphakathi namaphiko amancane we-pelvic ngemuva, womabili ngababili. Futhi zinamaphiko emhlane owodwa noma amabili kanye ne-ventral anal fin.
• I-oddence homofence caudal fin: ukuthi ama-lobes aphezulu nangaphansi ayalingana. Ezinye izinhlobo zinomphetho omkhulu womsila, ohlukaniswe ngama-lobes amathathu, akhona kuma-coelacanths (izinhlanzi ze-sarcopterygeal) nezinhlanzi zamaphaphu, lapho ama-vertebrae enweba aze afike ekugcineni komsila. Kwakha isitho esiyinhloko sokwenza umfutho okuhamba kuwo izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.
• Isikali sedermal: banesikhumba esivame ukumbozwa ngezikali zesikhumba, lapho kukhona khona i-dentin, koqweqwe lwawo namathambo, ahluka ngokuya ngesimo sawo futhi angahle abe nezikali ze-cosmoid, ganoid ne-elasmoid, zona ezihlukaniswe ngama-cycloids nama-ctenoids, zihlukaniswe ngemiphetho yazo ebushelelezi noma zifakwe ikama, ngokulandelana.

Ezinye izici zezinhlanzi

Ngaphakathi kwezimpawu zezinhlanzi, kufanelekile ukusho okulandelayo:

Izinhlanzi zibhukuda kanjani?

Izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuhamba endaweni eminyene kakhulu njengamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa ye- ifomu le-hydrodynamic, yona kanye nomsipha wayo onamandla esiqwini nasemsileni, iqhubekisela phambili umzimba wayo ngokunyakaza kwe-lateral, imvamisa isebenzisa amaphiko ayo njengephini lokulinganisa.

Izinhlanzi zintanta kanjani?

Izinhlanzi zibhekana nobunzima bokuhlala zintanta ngoba imizimba yazo iminyene kunamanzi. Ezinye izinhlanzi, ezinjengoshaka (okuyizinhlanzi ze-chondricte, okungukuthi, ziyizinhlanzi ezihlwabusayo) azinaso isinye sokubhukuda, ngakho-ke zidinga ezinye izinhlelo zokugcina ukuphakama kukholamu lamanzi, njengokugcina ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo.

Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlanzi zinesitho esizinikele ekusizeni, i- isinyeukubhukuda, lapho babamba khona inani elithile lomoya ukuze lintante. Ezinye izinhlanzi zihlala ekujuleni okufanayo kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, kuyilapho ezinye zinamandla okugcwalisa nokukhipha isinye sokubhukuda ukulawula ukujula kwazo.

Izinhlanzi ziphefumula kanjani?

Ngokwesiko, sithi zonke izinhlanzi phefumula ngezinhlungu, isakhiwo se-membrane esivumela ukudlula okuqondile kwe-oxygen kusuka emanzini kuya egazini.Kodwa-ke, lesi sici asihlanganisiwe, njengoba kuneqembu lezinhlanzi elihlobene kakhulu nama-vertebrate asemhlabeni, futhi lokhu kunjalo ngenhlanzi yamaphaphu noma iDipnoos, ekwaziyo ukwenza ukuphefumula okungu-branchial kanye ne-pulmonary.

Ngeminye imininingwane, ungabheka kule enye indatshana ethi Izinhlanzi ziphefumula kanjani?

I-Osmosis enhlanzini

Izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile zihlala endaweni enosawoti abambalwa, kanti egazini labo ukugxila kwalezi kuphakeme kakhulu, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa inqubo ebizwa nge-osmosis, ukungena okukhulu kwamanzi emzimbeni wakho nokugeleza okukhulu kasawoti kuya ngaphandle.

Kungakho badinga ukujwayela okuningana ukulawula le nqubo, ukuze umunca usawoti ezinhlungwini zakho (athintana ngqo namanzi, ngokungafani nesikhumba sawo se-hermetic, esimbozwe ngesikali) noma ekhipha umchamo ohlungiwe kakhulu nongxubekile.

Khonamanjalo, izinhlanzi zasemanzini anosawoti zibhekene nenkinga ehlukile, zihlala kuzo kusho usawoti kakhulu, ngakho-ke basengozini yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni. Ukuqeda usawoti omningi, bayakwazi ukuwukhipha ngokusebenzisa izigaxa noma ngomchamo ogxile kakhulu, ocishe ungacwengeki.

Ukuziphatha kwe-trophic kwezinhlanzi

Ukudla kwezinhlanzi kuhluka kakhulu, kusuka ekudleni okususelwa ezinsaleleni zezilwane ezansi, udaba lwemifino, kuye phambili kwezinye izinhlanzi noma ama-molluscs. Lesi sici sokugcina sibavumele ukuthi baguqule ikhono labo lokubona, ubukhali nokulinganisela ukuthola ukudla.
Ukufuduka

Kunezibonelo zezinhlanzi ezisuka emanzini amasha ziye emanzini anosawoti, noma okuphambene nalokho. Icala elaziwa kakhulu ilele lamaSalmonid, isibonelo sezinhlanzi ezinamadodana ezichitha impilo yazo yabantu abadala olwandle, kepha buyela emanzini amasha ukuzala (okungukuthi, ukubeka amaqanda), ukwazi ukusebenzisa imininingwane ethile yezemvelo ukuthola umfula abazalelwe kuwo bese bebeka amaqanda abo lapho. Ngenkathi ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjenge-eels, zithandeka kakhulu, njengoba zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, kepha zifudukela emanzini anosawoti ukuzala.

Ukuzala nokukhula kwezinhlanzi

Izinhlanzi eziningi zine-dioecious (zinobulili bobabili) ne-oviparous (nge ukukhulelwa kwangaphandle nentuthuko yangaphandle), bekwazi ukudedela amaqanda abo baye emvelweni, bawagqibe, noma bawathathe ngomlomo, kwesinye isikhathi futhi banikeze nokuziphatha okuqaphile kumaqanda. Kodwa-ke, kunezibonelo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezishisayo ze-ovoviviparous tropical (amaqanda agcinwa emgodini we-ovarian aze achamusele). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, oshaka bane-placenta lapho izingane zondliwa khona, njengokukhulelwa okunempilo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamuva kwezinhlanzi kuvame ukuhambisana izimo zemvelo, ikakhulu izinga lokushisa, nezinhlanzi ezivela ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Ngokungafani namanye amaqembu ezilwane, izinhlanzi ziyaqhubeka zikhula ziye esigabeni sazo sokukhula ngaphandle kwemingcele, zifinyelela osayizi obukhulu kwezinye izimo.

Ngeminye imininingwane, funda futhi le enye indatshana ethi Izinhlanzi zikhiqiza kanjani?

Izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlanzi ngokweqembu lazo

Asikwazi ukukhohlwa i- izici zezinhlanzi ngokweqembu lakho:

inhlanzi enezela

Bayizinhlanzi ezingenamhlathi, kuyinto iqembu lasendulo kakhulu futhi kufaka phakathi amaminerini nezibani zamalambu. Yize bengenawo ama-vertebrae, athathwa njengama-vertebrate, ngenxa yezici ezibonwe kugebhezi noma ukukhula kombungu. Zinezici ezilandelayo:

• Umzimba we-angiliform.
• Imvamisa zingukudla noma ama-parasites, zihlala eduze kwezinye izinhlanzi.
• Azinayo i-vertebrae.
• Abenzi i-ossification yangaphakathi.
• Inesikhumba esingenalutho, njengoba singenazo izikali.
• Ukungabi namabili amaphiko.

izinhlanzi ezinamandla

Leli qembu lifaka phakathi zonke ezinye izinhlanzi. Iningi lama-vertebrate anamuhla afakiwe lapha, njengezinye izinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Babizwa nangokuthi izinhlanzi ezinemihlathi futhi banezici ezilandelayo:

• Banemihlathi.
• Amaphiko afanayo futhi angajwayelekile (i-pectoral, i-dorsal, i-anal, i-ventral noma i-pelvic ne-caudal).

Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu kufakiwe:

• AmaChondrites: inhlanzi enesifo njengoshaka, imisebe nama-chimera. Amathambo akho akhiwe uqwanga.
• Osteite: ie izinhlanzi zamathambo. Lokhu kufaka zonke izinhlanzi esingazithola namuhla (zihlukaniswe izinhlanzi ezinamaphiko akhanyisiwe nezinhlanzi ezinamaphiko afekethisiwe, noma ama-actinopterygeans nama-sarcopterygeans, ngokulandelana).

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlanzi, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.