Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla

Umlobi: Laura McKinney
Usuku Lokudalwa: 3 Epreli 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 17 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
VERY LIKABLE LICHEN | Cryptogam
Ividiyo: VERY LIKABLE LICHEN | Cryptogam

-Delile

Izilwane ezingenamgogodla yilezo, njengesici esivamile, ezabelana ngokungabikho kwekholomu yomgogodla kanye nohlaka lwamathambo lwangaphakathi. Kuleli qembu kunezilwane eziningi emhlabeni, ezimele ama-95% ezinhlobo ezikhona. Ukuba iqembu elihluke kakhulu kulo mbuso, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo ngezigaba sekuye kwaba nzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke akukho ukuhlukaniswa okucacile.

Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal, sikhuluma ngayo ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla okuyinto, njengoba ubona, eyiqembu elikhulu ngaphakathi komhlaba othakazelisayo wezidalwa eziphilayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elingenamgogodla

Igama elithi invertebrate alihambelani nesigaba esisemthethweni ezinhlelweni zokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi, njengoba kuyi- igama elijwayelekile okusho ukungabi bikho kwesici esivamile (ikholomu ye-vertebral), kepha hhayi ebukhoneni besici esabiwe yiwo wonke umuntu eqenjini, njengasesimweni sama-vertebrate.


Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi invertebrate akuvumelekile, kunalokho, kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kulezi zilwane, kusho kuphela ukuthi kusetshenziselwa ukuveza incazelo ejwayelekile.

Kunjani ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla

Njengezinye izilwane, kusigaba sama-invertebrate ayikho imiphumela ephelele, kepha kukhona ukuvumelana okuthile kokuthi amaqembu amakhulu angenamgogodla ingahlukaniswa nge-phyla elandelayo:

  • ama-arthropods
  • molluscs
  • annelids
  • umabhebhana
  • ama-nematode
  • echinoderms
  • AmaCnidarians
  • ama-porifers

Ngaphezu kokwazi amaqembu angenamgogodla, ungaba nentshisekelo yokwazi izibonelo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinomgogodla.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Arthropods

Ziyizilwane ezinesistimu yezitho ezithuthukiswe kahle, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwe-chitinous exoskeleton. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlukanise izengezo zemisebenzi ehlukile ngokweqembu lama-invertebrate abayingxenye yalo.


i-arthropod phylum kufana neqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke embusweni wezilwane futhi ihlukaniswe ngama-subphyla amane: ama-trilobites (wonke aphelile), ama-chelicerates, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-unirámeos. Masazi ukuthi i-subphyla ekhona njengamanje nezibonelo eziningana zezilwane ezingenamgogodla zihlukaniswe kanjani:

chelicerates

Kulezi, izithasiselo ezimbili zokuqala zaguqulwa zakha i-chelicerae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangaba nama-pedipalps, okungenani amapheya amane emilenze, futhi abanazo izimpondo. Akhiwe ngamakilasi alandelayo:

  • Ama-Merostomates: azinawo ama-pedipalps, kepha ubukhona bemilenze emihlanu yemilenze, njenge-crab yehhashi (limulus polyphemus).
  • Ama-Pychnogonids: izilwane zasolwandle ezinamabili ezinyawo zemilenze ezaziwa kakhulu njengezicabucabu zolwandle.
  • Ama-Arachnids: banezifunda ezimbili noma ama-tagmas, i-chelicerae, ama-pedipalps angavuthwa kahle njalo namabhangqa amane emilenze. Ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezinomgogodla kulesi sigaba yizicabucabu, ofezela, imikhaza kanye nezibungu.

AmaCrustaceans

Ngokuvamile emanzini kanye nokuba khona kwama-gill, izimpondo kanye namandla. Zichazwa ngezigaba ezinhlanu ezimele, phakathi kwazo okukhona:


  • Amakhambi: bayizimpumputhe futhi bahlala emigedeni yolwandle ejulile, njengezinhlobo I-Speleonectes tanumekes.
  • AmaCephalocarids: zingasolwandle, ngosayizi omncane kanye nokwakheka okulula.
  • AmaBranchiopods: Encane ukuya ngosayizi omaphakathi, ikakhulukazi ehlala emanzini amasha, yize nawo ehlala emanzini anosawoti. Banezithasiselo zakamuva. Ngokulandelayo, zichazwa ngama-oda amane: ama-Anostraceans (lapho singathola khona imfanzi ye-goblin efana ne- IStreptocephalus mackini), ama-notostraceans (abizwa ngokuthi ama-tadpole shrimp njenge UFranciscan Artemia), ama-cladocerans (okuyizintambo zamanzi) nama-concostraceans (izimbaza ezinjengembaza I-Lynceus brachyurus).
  • Ama-Maxillopods: Imvamisa isayizi encane futhi ngesisu esincishisiwe nama-appendages. Ahlukaniswe ama-ostracods, ama-mistacocarids, ama-copepods, ama-tantulocarids nama-cirripedes.
  • Malacostraceans: ama-crustaceans aziwa kakhulu ngabantu atholakala, anendawo exoskeleton echazwe kahle ebushelelezi futhi ichazwa ngama-oda amane, phakathi kwawo kukhona ama-isopods (Ex. I-Armadillium granulatum), amphipods (Eks. u-Alicella omkhulu), ama-eufausiaceans, aziwa kakhulu njenge-krill (Ex. Meganyctiphanes norvegica) nama-decapods, kufaka phakathi izinkalankala, imfanzi nama-lobster.

Unirámeos

Zibonakala ngokuba ne-eksisi eyodwa kuphela kuzo zonke izithasiselo (ngaphandle kwegatsha) nokuba nezimpondo, amandla nemihlathi. Le subphylum ihlelwe yaba amakilasi amahlanu.

  • ama-diploma: ibonakala ngokubhangqa kwemilenze emibili engxenyeni ngayinye eyakha umzimba. Kuleli qembu lama-invertebrates sithola ama-millipedes, njengezinhlobo I-oxidus gracilis.
  • Ama-Chilopods: banezigaba ezingamashumi amabili nanye, lapho kunebhangqa lemilenze kulesinye nesinye. Izilwane kuleli qembu zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-centipedes (I-Lithobius forficatus, phakathi kwabanye).
  • ama-pauropods: Usayizi omncane, umzimba othambile futhi unamabhangqa ayishumi nanye emilenze.
  • izimpimpi: mhlophe qwa, mncane futhi untekenteke.
  • isigaba sezinambuzane: ube nezimpondo ezimbili, imilenze emithathu namaphiko ngokuvamile. Kuyisigaba esiningi sezilwane eziqoqa ndawonye ama-oda acishe abe ngamashumi amathathu ahlukene.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaMolluscs

Le phylum ibonakala ngokuthola i- uhlelo oluphelele lokugaya ukudla, ngobukhona besitho esibizwa nge-radula, esisemlonyeni futhi esinomsebenzi wokukhuhla. Zinesakhiwo esibizwa unyawo esingasetshenziselwa ukuqeda noma ukulungisa. Uhlelo lwayo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvulekile cishe kuzo zonke izilwane, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ngemiphunga, amaphaphu noma ubuso bomzimba, futhi uhlelo lwezinzwa luyehluka ngokweqembu. Zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyisishiyagalombili, manje esizokwazi izibonelo eziningi zalezi zilwane ezingenamgogodla:

  • I-Caudofoveados: izilwane zasolwandle ezimba inhlabathi ethambile. Abanalo igobolondo, kodwa banezipikisi ezinamakhasi anjengezinombolo amasikela we-crossotus.
  • Solenogastros: zifana nesigaba esedlule, zingasolwandle, abembi kanye nezakhiwo zamatshe amatshe, kepha awanawo ama-radula nama-gill (isb. I-Neomenia carinata).
  • Ama-monoplacophores: mancane, anogobolondo oyindilinga kanye nekhono lokukhasa, ngenxa yonyawo (isb. Neopilin rebainsi).
  • Ama-polyplacophores: ngemizimba emide, eyisicaba kanye nokuba khona kwegobolondo. Bayakuqonda ukuyeka, njengezinhlobo Acanthochiton garnoti.
  • Ama-Scaphopods: umzimba wayo uboshwe ngegobolondo le-tubular ngokuvula emikhawulweni yomibili. Zibizwa nangokuthi amazinyo wamazinyo noma endlovu. Isibonelo uhlobo I-Antalis vulgaris.
  • ama-gastropods: ngezimo ezilinganayo kanye nokuba khona kwegobolondo, okube nemiphumela yokuhlukumezeka, kepha okungenzeka kungabi khona kwezinye izinhlobo. Isigaba siqukethe iminenke ne-slug, njengezinhlobo zeminenke Cepaea nemoralis.
  • bivalve: umzimba ungaphakathi kwegobolondo elinama-valve amabili angaba nosayizi ohlukile. Isibonelo uhlobo i-venus enempilo.
  • Ama-cephalopods: igobolondo lalo lincane kakhulu noma alikho, linenhloko echaziwe namehlo nobukhona bezintambo noma izingalo. Kulesi sigaba sithola ama-squid nama-octopus.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-annelids

Ingabe izibungu ze-metameric, okungukuthi, ngokuhlukaniswa komzimba, nge-cuticle yangaphandle enomswakama, uhlelo lokujikeleza oluvaliwe kanye nesistimu ephelele yokugaya ukudla, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ngemigodi noma ngesikhumba futhi kungaba ngama-hermaphrodites noma nabobulili obuhlukile.

Izinga eliphezulu lama-annelids lichazwa ngezigaba ezintathu manje ongazihlola ngezibonelo eziningi zezilwane ezingenamgogodla:

  • Ama-Polychaetes: Ikakhulukazi olwandle, nekhanda elihlukaniswe kahle, ubukhona bamehlo nezindwangu. Izingxenye eziningi zinezithasiselo eziseceleni. Singasho njengesibonelo izinhlobo i-succinic nereis futhi I-Phyllodoce lineata.
  • oligochetes: zibonakala ngokuba nezingxenye eziguquguqukayo futhi ngaphandle kwekhanda elichaziwe. Sinesibonelo, umhlonyane (lumbricus terrestris).
  • Hirudine: njengesibonelo se-hirudine sithola ama-leeches (ex. IHirudo medicinalis), ngezinombolo ezihleliwe zezingxenye, ubukhona bezindandatho eziningi nezinkomishi zokudonsa.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwePlatyhelminths

Izikelemu ziyizigaxa izilwane eziyizicaba dorsoventrally, ngokuvulwa ngomlomo nangokobulili kanye nohlelo lwakudala noma olulula lwezinzwa nolwezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezivela kuleli qembu lama-invertebrates azinayo indlela yokuphefumula neyokujikeleza kwegazi.

Zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine:

  • izivunguvungu: yizilwane eziphila mahhala, ezilinganiselwa ku-50cm, zine-epidermis embozwe izinkophe futhi inamandla okukhasa. Baziwa kakhulu njengama-planarians (isb. Temnocephala digitata).
  • UMonogenes: Lezi yizinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyizinanakazana kanti amanye amaxoxo noma izimfudu. Zibonakala ngokuba nomjikelezo oqondile webhayoloji, nomgcini oyedwa kuphela (isb. Haliotrema sp.).
  • Ama-Trematode: Umzimba wabo unesimo seqabunga, esaziwa ngokuba ngama-parasites. Eqinisweni, iningi lama-endoparasites angama-vertebrate (Ej. Fasciola hepatica).
  • Obhasikidi: enezici ezihlukile emakilasini adlule, zinemizimba emide futhi eyisicaba, ngaphandle kwe-cilia efomini yabantu abadala futhi ngaphandle kwendlela yokugaya ukudla. Kodwa-ke, imbozwe nge-microvilli ekhubaza inani eliphakeme noma isembozo sangaphandle sesilwane (isb. I-Taenia solium).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaNematode

izimuncagazi ezincane ezihlala ezindaweni eziphila olwandle, emanzini angenasawoti nasemhlabathini, kokubili ezifundeni ezibandayo nezishisayo, futhi zingakhubaza ezinye izilwane nezitshalo. Kunezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zama-nematode ezikhonjiwe futhi ezinesimo se-cylindrical, esine-cuticle eguquguqukayo nokungabikho kwe-cilia ne-flagella.

Ukuhlukaniswa okulandelayo kusekelwe kuzici ze-morphological zeqembu futhi kufana nezigaba ezimbili:

  • Adenophorea: Izitho zakho zemizwa ziyisiyingi, ziyavunguza, noma zimi okwe-pore. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba singathola ifomu lama-parasite UTrichuris Trichiura.
  • Ezokuphepha: ngezitho zomzimba ezi-dorsal lateral sensory kanye ne-cuticle eyakhiwe izingqimba eziningana. Kuleli qembu sithola izinhlobo zezinambuzane i-lumbricoid ascaris.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Echinoderms

Ziyizilwane zasolwandle ezingenayo ingxenye. Umzimba wayo uyindilinga, uyindilinga noma umise okwezinkanyezi, awunakhanda futhi unohlelo lwezinzwa oluhlukahlukene. Banama-spikes anekalori, anezitimela ezihamba ngemigwaqo ehlukene.

Leli qembu lama-invertebrates (phylum) lihlukaniswe laba ama-subphyla amabili: i-Pelmatozoa (inkomishi noma emise okwe-goblet) kanye ne-eleuterozoans (umzimba we-stellate, discoidal, globular noma omile okhukhamba).

I-Pelmatozos

Leli qembu lichazwa isigaba se-crinoid lapho sithola labo abaziwa kakhulu njenge iminduze yolwandle, futhi phakathi kwazo umuntu angasho izinhlobo I-Mediterranean Antedon, davidaster rubiginosus futhi I-Himerometra robustipinna, phakathi kwabanye.

Ama-Eleuterozoans

Kule subphylum yesibili kunezigaba ezinhlanu:

  • ama-concentricicids: eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-daisy daisy (isib. I-Xyloplax janetae).
  • ama-asteroyidi: noma izinkanyezi zasolwandle (isb. I-Pisaster ochraceus).
  • Ama-Ophiuroides: okubandakanya izinyoka zasolwandle (isb. I-Ophiocrossota multispina).
  • Ama-equinoids: okwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-sea urchins (isb. Si-trongylocentrotus franciscanus ne-Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).
  • holoturoids: ebizwa nangokuthi ukhukhamba wasolwandle (isb. ama-holothuria cinerascens futhi I-Stichopus chloronotus).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaCnidarians

Zibonakala ngokuba ikakhulukazi olwandle ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zamanzi ahlanzekile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamafomu kulaba bantu: polyps kanye ne-jellyfish. Zine-chitinous, limestone noma amaprotheni exoskeleton noma i-endoskeleton, enokukhiqiza ngokocansi noma kwe-asexual futhi abanalo uhlelo lokuphefumula nolungaphandle. Isici seqembu ubukhona be- amaseli ahlabayo abazisebenzisela ukuvikela noma ukuhlasela inyamazane.

I-phylum yahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:

  • I-Hydrozoa: Banomjikelezo wokuphila we-asexual esigabeni se-polyp kanye nesezocansi esigabeni se-jellyfish, noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlobo kungenzeka zingabi nesigaba esisodwa. Ama-polyps akha amakoloni ahleliwe ne-jellyfish ingahamba ngokukhululeka (isb.i-hydra vulgaris).
  • scokuzo: leli klasi ngokuvamile lifaka i-jellyfish enkulu, enemizimba enesimo esihlukile nobukhulu obuhlukile, embozwe ungqimba lwe-gelatinous. Isigaba sakho se-polyp siphansi kakhulu (isb. Chrysaora quinquecirrha).
  • Cubozoa: ngefomu elivelele le-jellyfish, abanye bafinyelela osayizi abakhulu. Bangababhukudi abahle kakhulu futhi bangabazingeli nezinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo zingabulala abantu, kuyilapho ezinye zinobuthi obuncane. (isib Carybdea marsupialis).
  • antozooa: zingama-polyps amise okwembali, ngaphandle kwesigaba se-jellyfish. Zonke zingasolwandle, futhi zingaphila ngokungakhathali noma ngokujulile nasemanzini asezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezishisayo. Zihlukaniswe zaba izigaba ezingaphansi ezintathu, okungama-zoantarios (anemones), ama-ceriantipatarias nama-alcionarios.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaPorifers

Kuleli qembu kungokwalabo izipanji, izici zabo eziyinhloko ukuthi imizimba yabo inenani elikhulu lama-pores kanye nohlelo lweziteshi zangaphakathi ezihlunga ukudla. Ziyi-sessile futhi zincike kakhulu emanzini ajikeleza kuzo ngokudla nangomoya-mpilo. Azinazo izicubu zangempela ngakho-ke azinazo izitho. Zinamanzi kuphela, ikakhulukazi olwandle, yize kunezinhlobo ezithile ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Esinye isici esiyinhloko ukuthi zakhiwa yi-calcium carbonate noma i-silica ne-collagen.

Bahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

  • i-limestone: lezo lapho izipikisi noma amayunithi awo akha amathambo avela ngocalcareous, okungukuthi, i-calcium carbonate (isb. I-sycon raphanus).
  • I-hexactinylides: ebizwa nangokuthi i-vitreous, enesici esiyisici samathambo aqinile akhiwa ama-silica spikes ayisithupha (isib. I-Euplectella aspergillus).
  • amademoni: isigaba lapho kutholakala cishe i-100% yezinhlobo zesipanji nezinkulu, ezinemibala egqame kakhulu. Ama-spicule ukuthi akhiwa nge-silica, kepha hhayi ngemisebe eyisithupha (isb. I-Testestinary Xestospongia).

Ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla

Njengoba sishilo, amaqembu angenamgogodla maningi kakhulu futhi kusekhona amanye ama-phyla afakiwe ekuhlukanisweni kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

  • I-Placozoa
  • AmaCtenophores
  • Chaetognath
  • Nemertino
  • I-Gnatostomulid
  • Ama-Rotifers
  • Ama-gastrotrics
  • I-Kinorhincos
  • AmaLoricifers
  • Ama-Priapulides
  • izibungu
  • endoprocts
  • onophobe
  • tardigrade
  • ama-ectoprocts
  • Ama-Brachiopods

Njengoba sibonile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane kuhluke kakhulu, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani lezinhlobo eziyilwayo lizoqhubeka nokukhula, okusikhombisa futhi ukuthi umhlaba wezilwane muhle kanjani.

Futhi manje njengoba wazi ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezinomgogodla, amaqembu azo kanye nezibonelo eziningi zezilwane ezingenamgogodla, ungahle ube nentshisekelo kule vidiyo ngezilwane zasolwandle eziyivelakancane emhlabeni:

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.