-Delile
- Akhona nini ama-dinosaurs?
- Ukuhlukaniswa kweDinosaur
- Imibono yokuqothulwa kweDinosaur
- Ama-dinosaurs aphela nini?
- Kwaphela kanjani ama-dinosaurs?
- Kungani ama-dinosaurs aphela?
- Izilwane ezisinde ekuqothulweni kwama-dinosaurs
- Kwenzekani ngemuva kokuphela kwama-dinosaurs?
Kuwo wonke umlando weplanethi yethu, zimbalwa izidalwa ezikwazile ukuthatha ukuthakazelisa komuntu njengama-dinosaurs. Izilwane ezinkulu ezake zagcwala eMhlabeni manje sezigcwalise izikrini zethu, izincwadi kanye namabhokisi ethu amathoyizi inqobo nje uma singakhumbula. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuphila impilo yonke ngenkumbulo yama-dinosaurs, ingabe siyabazi njengoba besicabanga?
Ngemuva kwalokho, ePeritoAnimal, sizongena kwenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo: çKwaphela kanjani ama-dinosaurs?
Akhona nini ama-dinosaurs?
Sibiza ama-dinosaurs ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifakwe ku-superorder idayinaso, kusuka esiGrekini amadinos, okusho ukuthi "okwesabekayo", futhi ama-sauros, elihumusha ngokuthi "isibankwa", yize kungafanele sididanise izibankwakazi nezibankwa, njengoba zingaphansi kwezigaba ezimbili ezihuquzelayo.
Umbhalo wezinsalela zamathambo ukhombisa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs anenkanyezi ku- kwakunguMesozoic, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Inkathi Yezilwane Ezihuquzelayo Ezinkulu". Imivubukulo yakudala yedinosaur etholakele kuze kube manje (isifanekiso sezinhlobo Nyasasaurus parringtonihas cishe Iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-243 ngakho-ke kungokukaJehova Isikhathi se-Middle Triassic. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwekazi amanje ayexhunyaniswe ndawonye akha umhlaba omkhulu owaziwa ngokuthi iPangea. Iqiniso lokuthi amazwekazi ayengekho, ngaleso sikhathi, ayehlukaniswe ulwandle, avumela ama-dinosaurs ukuthi asakaze ngokushesha ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngokunjalo, ukwahlukaniswa kwePangea kwaba ngamabhlogo ezwekazi laseLaurasia neGondwana ngesikhathi se- ukuqala kwesikhathi seJurassic kukhuthaze ukwehlukaniswa kwama-dinosaurs, kwaveza izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuhlukaniswa kweDinosaur
Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwathanda ukubonakala kwama-dinosaurs anezici ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngokwesiko ahlukaniswa ngama-oda amabili, ngokuya ngamaphaphu awo:
- AmaSaurischians (I-Saurischia): abantu abafakiwe kulesi sigaba babene-pubus ramus eqonde mpo. Zazihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-theropod (njenge I-Velociraptor noma i- I-Allosaurus) nama-sauropods (njenge I-Diplodocus noma i- brontosaurus).
- Ama-Ornithischians (I-Ornithsia): igatsha le-pubic lamalungu aleli qembu laligxile ngokwehlukana. Leli oda lihlanganisa imigqa emibili eyinhloko: ama-tyerophores (afana ne- I-Stegosaurus noma i- I-Ankylosaurus) nama-cerapods (njenge- I-Pachycephalosaurus noma i- AmaTriceratops).
Kulezi zigaba, singathola izilwane ezinesilinganiso esiguqukayo, kusuka ku- ICompsognatus, idayinaso encane kunazo zonke eyatholakala kuze kube manje, efana nenkukhu, ngosayizi owesabekayo brachiosaurus, efinyelele ekuphakameni okumangazayo kwamamitha ayi-12.
AmaDinosaurs nawo ayenezinhlobo zokudla ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Yize kunzima ukuqinisekisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukudla okuthile kohlobo ngalunye, kubhekwa njengalokho bekuyizilwane eziningi ezidla utshani, yize kwakukhona nezibankwakazi eziningana ezidla ezinye, ezinye zazo zazidlala amanye ama-dinosaurs, njengalawo adumile I-Tyrannosaurus rex. Izinhlobo ezithile, njenge Baryonyx, ibuye idliwe ngezinhlanzi. Kwakunama-dinosaurs ayelandela ukudla okweqile, futhi amaningi awo awakwenqabanga ukudla izidumbu. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu, ungaphuthelwa yindatshana ngezinhlobo zama-dinosaurs ezake zaba khona. "
Yize lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zokuphila kwasiza ukwenziwa kwamakholoni umhlaba wonke ngesikhathi seMesozoic, umbuso wedinosaur waphela ngokushaywa kokugcina kwenkathi yeCretaceous, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 edlule.
Imibono yokuqothulwa kweDinosaur
Ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs, kwe-paleontology, kuyindida yezingcezu eziyinkulungwane futhi kunzima ukuyixazulula. Ingabe kubangelwe into eyodwa yokunquma noma bekungumphumela wenhlanganisela eyinhlekelele yemicimbi eminingana? Ingabe bekuyinqubo engazelelwe futhi engazelelwe noma inqubo ehamba kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?
Isithiyo esikhulu ekuchazeni lesi simanga esiyindida ukungapheleli kwerekhodi lemivubukulo: akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezigcinwe endaweni engaphansi komhlaba, enikeza umbono ongaphelele weqiniso lesikhathi. Kepha ngenxa yenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yezobuchwepheshe, idatha entsha iveziwe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, esivumela ukuthi siphakamise izimpendulo ezicace kancane embuzweni wokuthi ama-dinosaurs aqothuka kanjani.
Ama-dinosaurs aphela nini?
Ukuqomisana kwe-Radioisotope kutholakala ukuphela kwama-dinosaurs cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 edlule. Ngakho-ke aphela nini ama-dinosaurs? Ngesikhathi cretaceous sekwephuzile yesikhathi seMesozoic. Iplanethi yethu ngaleso sikhathi yayiyindawo yemvelo engazinzile, enezinguquko ezinkulu emazingeni okushisa nasolwandle. Lezi zimo zezulu eziguqukayo zingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobo ezithile zemvelo ngaleso sikhathi, kwaguqula amaketanga okudla kwabantu abasele.
Kwaphela kanjani ama-dinosaurs?
Kanjalo nesithombe lapho ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okuvela ezingibeni zikaDeccan yaqala eNdiya, yakhipha isulfure ne-carbon gases ngobuningi futhi yakhuthaza ukufudumala komhlaba kanye nemvula ene-asidi.
Njengokungathi lokho kwakunganele, akuthathanga isikhathi eside ukufika komsolwa omkhulu ekuqothulweni kwama-dinosaurs: eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 edlule, uMhlaba wavakashelwa i-asteroid cishe eyi-10 km ububanzi, eyashayisana neNhlonhlo manje ebizwa ngokuthi yiYucatán Peninsula eMexico yashiya njengesikhumbuzo somgodi weChicxulub, onwetshiwe ngamakhilomitha ayi-180.
Kepha leli gebe elikhulu ebusweni bomhlaba bekungeyona ukuphela kwento elethwe yi-meteor: ukushayisana ngesihluku kubangele inhlekelele yokuzamazama komhlaba eyazamazamisa umhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yomthelela yayinothe ngama-sulfate nama-carbonate, akhishelwa emkhathini akhiqiza imvula ene-asidi futhi abhubhisa okwesikhashana ungqimba lwe-ozone. Kukholakala futhi ukuthi uthuli olwaphakanyiswa yile nhlekelele kungenzeka ukuthi lwabeka ungqimba lobumnyama phakathi kweLanga noMhlaba, lwehlisa izinga le-photosynthesis nokulimaza izinhlobo zezitshalo. Ukuwohloka kwezitshalo bekuyoholela ekonakaleni kwama-dinosaurs adla imifino, okungaholela ekudleni kwezilwane nazo esiweni sokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokwakheka komhlaba nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ama-dinosaurs ayikwazanga ukuphakela ngakho-ke baqala ukufa.
Kungani ama-dinosaurs aphela?
Imininingwane etholwe kuze kube manje iveze inqwaba yemibono mayelana nembangela yokuqothulwa kwe-dinosaur, njengoba ubonile esigabeni esedlule. Abanye abantu babheka ukubaluleka komthelela wemeteorite njengembangela esheshayo yokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs; abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukushintshashintsha kwemvelo nomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo wangaleso sikhathi wakhuthaza ukunyamalala kwawo kancane kancane. Abasekeli be i-hybrid hypothesis Bayabonakala futhi: le mbono iphakamisa ukuthi izimo zezulu kanye nentaba-mlilo enolaka kubhebhethekise ukwehla okuhamba kancane kwabantu be-dinosaur, ababevele besesimweni esibucayi ngenkathi i-meteorite iletha i-coup de grace.
Ngemuva kwalokho, yini edale ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs? Yize singeke sisho ngokuqiniseka, i-hybrid hypothesis iyona theory esekelwa kakhulu, njengoba ithi bekunezici eziningana eziholele ekunyamalaleni kwama-dinosaurs ngesikhathi seLate Cretaceous.
Izilwane ezisinde ekuqothulweni kwama-dinosaurs
Yize inhlekelele eyabangela ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs yaba nomthelela emhlabeni wonke, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zikwazile ukusinda nokuchuma ngemuva kwenhlekelele. Lokhu kunjalo ngamanye amaqembu we izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, njenge IKimbetopsalis simmonsae, uhlobo oluthile lwabantu abangabalimbe bezilwane ezibukeka njenge-beaver. Kungani ama-dinosaurs aqothulwa hhayi izilwane ezincelisayo? Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba bebancane, badinga ukudla okuncane futhi bakwazi kangcono ukuzivumelanisa nendawo yabo entsha.
Usinde futhi ngokulungile izinambuzane, izinkalankala zamahhashi kanye nokhokho basendulo bezingwenya zanamuhla, izimfudu zasolwandle noshaka. Futhi, abathandi be-dinosaur abakhathazekile becabanga ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukubona i-iguanodon noma i-pterodactyl kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi lezi zidalwa zangaphambi komlando azange zinyamalale ngokuphelele - ezinye zisaphila phakathi kwethu. Eqinisweni, kujwayelekile kakhulu ukubabona ngosuku oluhle behamba emaphandleni noma lapho sigijima emigwaqweni yamadolobha ethu. Noma kungazwakala kungakholeki, sikhuluma nge izinyoni.
Ngesikhathi seJurassic, ama-theropod dinosaurs athola inqubo ende yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwenza izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasendulo ezazihlala namanye ama-dinosaurs. Lapho kwenzeka iCretaceous hecatomb, ezinye zalezi zinyoni zakudala zakwazi ukusinda, zaguquka futhi zahlukahluka zaze zafika osukwini lwanamuhla.
Ngeshwa, lezi dinosaurs zanamuhla nawo manje ayancipha, futhi kulula ukubona isizathu: kumayelana nomthelela womuntu. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala, ukwethulwa kwezilwane ezincintisanayo ezingaphandle komhlaba, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukuzingela kanye nobuthi kudale ukunyamalala kwezinhlobo zezinyoni eziyi-182 kusukela ngo-1500, kanti ezinye ezingama-2000 zisengcupheni ethile. Ukungazi kwethu yi-meteor esheshayo ehamba phezu kweplanethi.
Kuthiwa sibona ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwesithupha okwenzeka bukhoma nangombala. Uma sifuna ukuvimbela ukunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs okugcina, sidinga ukulwela ukongiwa kwezinyoni futhi sigcine izinga eliphezulu lenhlonipho nokubabaza osomajukujuku abanezimpaphe esihlangana nabo nsuku zonke: amajuba, onogwaja kanye nondlunkulu esijwayele ukubona beqhubeka amathambo abuthakathaka afaka ifa lemidondoshiya.
Kwenzekani ngemuva kokuphela kwama-dinosaurs?
Umthelela wama-meteorites nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuvune ukwenziwa kwezimo zokuzamazama komhlaba nemililo ebhebhezela ukufudumala komhlaba. Kamuva, nokho, kwavela uthuli nomlotha okwaba mnyama emkhathini futhi kwavimba ukudlula kwelanga kukhiqize ukupholisa kweplanethi. Lokhu kuguquka okungazelelwe phakathi kwamazinga okushisa adlulele kudale ukuthi kushabalale cishe u-75% wezinhlobo ebezihlala eMhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.
Noma kunjalo, akuthathanga isikhathi eside ukuthi impilo iphinde ivele kule ndawo ebhuqiwe. Ungqimba lothuli lwasemkhathini lwaqala ukonakala, kwavumela ukukhanya kudlule. AmaMosses namafern aqala ukukhula ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu. Izindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini ezingathintekile kangako zanda. Izilwane eziyindlala ezikwazile ukusinda enhlekeleleni zanda, zavela futhi zasabalala emhlabeni wonke. Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwesisindo sesihlanu okwacekela phansi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo yomhlaba, umhlaba ubulokhu uphenduka.
Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Ayephela Kangakanani AmaDinosaurs, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.