Parasitism - kuyini, izinhlobo kanye nezibonelo

Umlobi: Laura McKinney
Usuku Lokudalwa: 8 Epreli 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 17 Unovemba 2024
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I-Parasitism ingenye yezindlela zokuphila ezisakazeke kakhulu eMbusweni Wezilwane, okungenani ama-20% ezinhlobo zezilwane eziyizinambuzane zezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Kukhona i-taxa eyakhiwe kuphela izidalwa ezinesinanakazana, ezinjengamagciwane kanye ne-acanthocephali (izikelemu eziyizinambuzane). Lezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziphila ngokucekela ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kungaba impilo yazo yonke noma isikhathi esifushane.

Kule ndatshana kaPeritoAnimal sizofunda ngencazelo ye-parasitism, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona, futhi siqonde izinzuzo nezinkinga zale ndlela yokuphila kanye nezibonelo ezithile.

yini i-parasitism

I-Parasitism wuhlobo lwe-symbiosis lapho kulinyazwa khona enye yezinto eziphilayo (umphathi), okungukuthi, ungatholi nzuzo futhi kubuye kulimale nobudlelwano. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi silokazane siyasithola imodi yokusinda kulobu budlelwano. Lolu hlobo lobudlelwano luyaqhubeka kuze kufe omunye walaba bantu ababili (amagciwane noma umphathi).


Ngaphakathi kwalobu budlelwano, ilungu ngalinye lingelika- izinhlobo ezahlukene. Amagciwane kufanele aphile kumsingathi ukuthola ukudla, imvamisa izinto zofuzo ukudala amaprotheni awo, futhi futhi ithola indawo yokuhlala kuyo, lapho ibingakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwayo.

Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, izimuncagazi yizinto ezidinga i- a ubuhlobo obuseduze obuqhubekayo nomgcini (kolunye uhlobo), olukuhlinzeka ngokudla, ama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla noma okokusebenza futhi likukhuthaze ukuthi likhule noma likhiqize kabusha.

Izinhlobo ze-parasitism

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa izimuncagazi, ngezansi sibonisa okwaziwa kakhulu noma okusetshenzisiwe:


ukuhlukaniswa kwentela: ngokwezimali, izimuncagazi zihlukaniswa njengama-phytoparasites lapho zikhubaza izitshalo nama-zooparasites lapho zithelela izilwane. Ku-parasitology, isayensi efunda ama-parasites, kuphela ukwelashwa kwe-zooparasites.

Ukwahlukaniswa ngokwezinga lokuncika okuyisidlakudla esinakho kumphathi:

  • Amagciwane ongakukhetha: lezo zinhlobo zezinambuzane ezikwazi ukuphila ngohlobo lokuphila ngaphandle kwalolo oluyisidlakudla.
  • amagciwane ayimpoqo: yilezo ezingakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle komgcini, njengoba zincike ngokuphelele kuzo kunoma isiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka.
  • amagciwane ngengozi: izimuncagazi ezigcina ngephutha ngaphakathi kwesilwane okungesiyona eyaso esivamile kodwa zisakwazi ukusinda.
  • izimuncagazi ezingahambi kahle: Izimuncagazi ezihlala ngaphakathi kwezilwane zivamise ukukwenza esithweni esithile noma esikhunjeni. Isinambuzane esizithola sisesitho esingeyona ingxenye yaso evamile saziwa njengegciwane elingaqondakali.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngendawo yegciwane ngaphakathi komgcini


  • endoparasite: Lawa ama-parasites adinga ukuhlala ngaphakathi komgcini, njengenhliziyo, amaphaphu, isibindi noma umgudu wokugaya ukudla.
  • ectoparasite: bahlala ehostela, kepha abaze ngaphakathi kuyo. Isibonelo, esikhunjeni noma ezinweleni.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngobude besikhathi i-parasite igcina isikhungo sikhubazekile:

  • Izimuncagazi zesikhashana: isigaba se-parasitic esesikhashana futhi senzeka kuphela ebusweni besilwane (umphathi), asikaze sibe ngaphakathi. Isinambuzane sondla umninikhaya, isikhumba saso noma igazi laso, ngokwesibonelo.
  • Amagciwane ngezikhathi ezithile: lesi sinambuzane sidinga ukudlula esinye sezigaba zempilo yaso (iqanda, isibungu, ingane noma umuntu omdala) ngaphakathi komgcini, ngemuva kwalokho sizophila ngokukhululeka.
  • Amagciwane anomphela: amagciwane kufanele achithe konke ukuphila kwawo ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle komgcini ukuze aphile.

Izinzuzo zokuphila njenge-parasite

Ekuqaleni, izilwane esizaziyo namuhla njengezinambuzane zine- indlela yokuphila yamahhala esikhathini esedlule. Iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi esithile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo lezi zilwane zathola indlela yokuphila yezinambuzane kusenza sicabange ukuthi kufanele zithole uhlobo oluthile lwenzuzo.

Inzuzo yokuqala etholakala ngama-parasites yile indawo yokuhlala. Izilwane zinezindlela zokugcina i i-homeostasis ngaphakathi komzimba wayo, okunikeza amagciwane ithuba lokuhlala endaweni engenakho nhlobo ukushintshashintsha.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banendlela elula yokwenza sabalalisa inzalo yakho phezu kwezindawo ezinkulu ngokushesha. Isibonelo, uma lesi sinambuzane sikhipha amaqanda ngendle yaso, siqinisekisa ukuthi inzalo yaso iyokhula kwenye indawo. Okwezinambuzane, i ukudla ihlala iseduze futhi iyatholakala, njengoba idla ophethe noma ingxenye yokudla eyidlayo.

Ububi bokuphila njenge-parasite

Akuyona yonke into enenzuzo ezilwaneni ezifakwayo. Iqiniso lokuhlala ngaphakathi komzimba lenza i- Ama-congener ama-parasitic akude kakhulu, esikhaleni nangesikhathi, njengoba bezophila kwamanye ama-host, ngakho-ke amasu okuzala ocansini kumele atholakale ahambelana nezinto zofuzo.

Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, izivakashi azifuni ukukhubazeka, ngakho-ke zizoba nobutha ngezinambuzane futhi zizozama ukuziqeda ngazo zonke izindlela, ngokwesibonelo ngokuzilungisa. Futhi, umphathi angafa, ngakho-ke indawo yokuhlala ayihlali unomphela.

izibonelo parasitism

Kulesi sigaba sikhombisa obunye bobudlelwano obaziwa kakhulu futhi obujwayeleke kakhulu bezinambuzane, iningi lazo futhi okungama-zoonoses.

  • THE coccidiosis yisifo esikhiqizwa yiqembu lama-parasites okufakelwa elingelona elincane leCoccidiasina. ICoccidia iphoqwa ngama-parasites angaphakathi kwamangqamuzana, ngakho-ke adinga umphathi ukuze aphile, futhi akumele abe ngaphakathi kwesilwane kuphela, kodwa nangaphakathi kwamaseli aso.
  • THE echinococcosis noma isifo se-hydatid kungesinye isifo esibi esidalwa ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwegciwane lesigaba seCestoda nesilwane esincelisayo, imvamisa izinkomo, izilwane ezifuywayo noma umuntu. Ama-Cestoid ama-endoparasites womgudu wokugaya ukudla njengama-tapeworms. Izibungu zazo zingahamba ngegazi ziye kwezinye izitho, njengesibindi, zikhiqize ama-hydatid cysts.
  • Amazeze nezintwala ezinye zezibonelo ezinhle zobulwelwe. Kulokhu, izimuncagazi zihlala esilwaneni hhayi ngaphakathi kuso.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Parasitism - kuyini, izinhlobo kanye nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.