Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane - Yikuphi, izinhlobo nezinye izindlela

Umlobi: Peter Berry
Usuku Lokudalwa: 11 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 11 Udisemba 2024
Anonim
Chilli Pepper Seed Starting - Episode 1
Ividiyo: Chilli Pepper Seed Starting - Episode 1

-Delile

Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuyimpikiswano eshubile, futhi uma sihlolisisa ngokujulile emlandweni wakamuva, sizobona ukuthi lokhu akuyona into entsha. Itholakala kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi, wezepolitiki nowenhlalo.

Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, inhlalakahle yezilwane ibingaphikiswa, hhayi ngezilwane zaselebhu kuphela, kodwa nangezilwane ezifuywayo noma imboni yemfuyo.

Kule ndatshana ngabakwaPeritoAnimal, sizokwenza ukubuyekeza okufushane komlando mayelana ne- ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuqala ngencazelo yayo, i- izinhlobo zezilingo zezilwane ekhona ne ezinye izindlela ezingenzeka.

Yini ukuhlolwa kwezilwane

Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ukuhlolwa okwenziwe kusuka ku- ukudalwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngezinhloso zesayensi, umgomo wawo ngokuvamile ukwandisa nokwandisa izimpilo zabantu nezinye izilwane, njengezilwane ezifuywayo noma imfuyo.


ucwaningo lwezilwane kuphoqelekile ekwakhiweni kwemithi emisha noma izindlela zokwelapha ezizosetshenziswa kubantu, ngokuya ngeNuremberg Code, ngemuva kwezihluku ezenziwa ngabantu eMpini Yezwe II. Ngokusho kwe- Isimemezelo seHelsinki, ucwaningo lwe-biomedical kubantu "kufanele lususelwe ekuhlolweni okwenziwe kahle kwelabhoratri nokuhlolwa kwezilwane".

Izinhlobo Zokuhlolwa Kwezilwane

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa kwezilwane, ezihluka ngokwensimu yocwaningo:

  • Ucwaningo lwe-Agrifood: ukutadisha izakhi zofuzo ezinentshisekelo ye-agronomic nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo noma izilwane eziguquguqukayo.
  • Imithi kanye nodokotela wezilwane: ukuxilongwa kwezifo, ukwenziwa kwemithi yokugoma, ukwelashwa kwezifo nokwelashwa, njll.
  • I-Biotechnology: ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni, biosafety, njll.
  • Imvelo: ukuhlaziywa nokutholakala kokungcoliswa, i-biosafety, izakhi zofuzo zabantu, izifundo zokuziphatha kwabantu abafudukayo, izifundo zokuziphatha zokuzala, njll.
  • izakhi zofuzo: ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo nemisebenzi, ukwakhiwa kwamabhange e-genomic, ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane zezifo zabantu, njll.
  • Isitolo sezidakamizwa: ubunjiniyela be-biomedical for diagnostic, xenotransplantation (ukudala izitho ezingulubeni nasezimbuzini zokufakelwa kubantu), ukwenziwa kwemithi emisha, ubuthi, njll.
  • I-Oncology: izifundo zokuqhubekela phambili kwesimila, ukwenziwa kwezimpawu ezintsha zesimila, ama-metastases, ukubikezela isimila, njll.
  • Izifo ezithathelwanayo: ukutadisha izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane, izifundo zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (i-hepatitis, i-myxomatosis, i-HIV ...), i-parasitic (Leishmania, imalariya, i-filariasis ...).
  • i-neuroscience: ukufundwa kwezifo ze-neurodegenerative (i-Alzheimer), ukutadisha izicubu zemizwa, izindlela zobuhlungu, ukwenziwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha, njll.
  • Izifo zenhliziyo: isifo senhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, njll.

Umlando wokuhlolwa kwezilwane

Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekuhlolweni akulona iqiniso lamanje, lezi zinqubo zenziwe isikhathi eside. ngaphambi kwe-classical greece, ikakhulukazi, kusukela ngaphambi komlando, nobufakazi balokhu yimidwebo yangaphakathi yezilwane engabonwa emihumeni, eyenziwe ngabantu basendulo. homo sapiens.


Ukuqala kokuhlolwa kwezilwane

Umcwaningi wokuqala osebenza nokuhlolwa kwezilwane okurekhodiwe kwaba Alcman weCrotona, okwathi ngo-450 BC wanquma imithambo yegazi, okwenza ubumpumputhe esilwaneni. Ezinye izibonelo zabahloli bokuqala zikhona I-Alexandria Herophilus (330-250 BC) okhombise umehluko osebenzayo phakathi kwezinzwa nemisipha esebenzisa izilwane, noma galen (AD 130-210) abenza amasu we-dissection, engakhombisi kuphela ukwakheka kwezitho ezithile, kepha nemisebenzi yazo.

iNkathi Ephakathi

Inkathi Ephakathi imele ukubuyela emuva kwesayensi ngenxa yezimbangela ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando:

  1. Ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma waseNtshonalanga nokunyamalala kolwazi okunikelwe ngamaGrikhi.
  2. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu abangamakhosi abavela ezizweni ezingakathuthuki kangako e-Asia.
  3. Ukunwetshwa kobuKristu, okwakungakholelwa ezimisweni zomzimba, kepha kwezingokomoya.

THE ukufika kwamaSulumane eYurophu ayisebenzelanga ukukhulisa ulwazi lwezokwelapha, ngoba zaziphikisana nokwenza izidumbu nokuhlolwa kwesidumbu, kodwa sibonga kubo lonke ulwazi olulahlekile oluvela kumaGreki lwatholakala.


Ekhulwini lesine leminyaka, kwaba nokuhlubuka ebuKristwini eByzantium okwadala ukuthi ingxenye yabantu ixoshwe. Laba bantu bahlala ePersia futhi badala i isikole sokuqala sezokwelapha. Ngekhulu lesi-8, iPheresiya lanqotshwa ama-Arabhu futhi balusebenzisa lonke ulwazi, balusabalalisa ezindaweni ababezinqobile.

Futhi ePersia, ngekhulu le-10th, kwazalwa udokotela nomcwaningi U-Ibn Sina, owaziwa eNtshonalanga njengo-Avicenna. Ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-20, washicilela imiqulu engaphezu kwengu-20 kuyo yonke isayensi eyaziwayo, lapho, ngokwesibonelo, eyodwa yokuthi ungayenza kanjani i-tracheostomy.

Ukushintshela Esikhathini Samanje

Kamuva emlandweni, ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, ukwenza izidumbu kwahlinzeka ngolwazi olwazini lomzimba womuntu. ENgilandi, UFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) emibhalweni yakhe yesilingo wathi ngidinga ukusebenzisa izilwane ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye abacwaningi abaningi babonakala bexhasa umbono kaBacon.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uCarlo Ruini (1530 - 1598), udokotela wezilwane, umthetho nomakhi wezakhiwo, waveza konke ukwakheka kwamathambo nehhashi, kanye nokuthi ungazelapha kanjani ezinye izifo zalezi zilwane.

Ngo-1665, uRichard Lower (1631-1691) wenza ukumpontshelwa igazi kokuqala phakathi kwezinja. Kamuva wazama ukufakela igazi enjeni kumuntu, kodwa imiphumela yaba yingozi.

URobert Boyle (1627-1691) ukhombisile, ngokusebenzisa izilwane, ukuthi umoya ubalulekile empilweni.

Ekhulwini le-18, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kukhuphuke kakhulu nemicabango yokuqala ephikisanayo yaqala ukuvela futhi ukuqaphela ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka lezilwane. UHenri Duhamel Dumenceau (1700-1782) wabhala indatshana mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezilwane ngokombono wokuziphatha, lapho athi khona: “Nsuku zonke izilwane eziningi ziyafa ukwanelisa isifiso sethu sokudla kunalezo ezihlatshwa i-scalpel yokwakheka, kunalokho ezenza ngakho injongo ewusizo yokuholela ekulondolozeni impilo nasekwelapheni izifo ”. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-1760, uJames Ferguson wenza enye indlela yokuqala yokuSebenzisa izilwane ekuhlolweni.

Inkathi Yesikhathi Samanje

Ekhulwini le-19, i- ukutholwa okukhulu kakhulu wemithi yesimanje ngokuhlolwa kwezilwane:

  • ULouis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) wenza imishanguzo yokugoma i-anthrax ezimvwini, ikholera ezinkukhu, namarabi ezinjeni.
  • URobert Koch (1842 - 1919) wathola amagciwane abanga isifo sofuba.
  • UPaul Erlich (1854 - 1919) wafunda i-meningitis ne-syphilis, waba ngumgqugquzeli wocwaningo lwe-immunology.

Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, ngokuvela kwe- izinzwa, kwaba nentuthuko enkulu kwezokwelapha nge ukuhlupheka okuncane okwezilwane. Futhi kuleli khulu leminyaka, kuvele imithetho yokuqala yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo, imfuyo nokuhlolwa:

  • 1966. Umthetho Wenhlalakahle Yezilwane, e-United States of America.
  • 1976. Unya kuMthetho Wezilwane, eNgilandi.
  • 1978. Umkhuba Omuhle Welebhu (ekhishwe yi-Food and Drug Administration FDA) e-United States of America.
  • 1978. Izimiso Zokuziphatha kanye Nezinkombandlela Zokuhlolwa Kwezesayensi Kwezilwane, eSwitzerland.

Ngenxa yokukhula okuvamile kwabantu, okwaqala ukuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane kunoma iyiphi indawo, kwakudingeka kwenziwe imithetho evuna ukuvikelwa kwezilwane, nganoma yini esetshenziselwa yona. EYurophu, kwenziwa imithetho, izinqumo kanye nemihlangano elandelayo:

  • I-European Convention on the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (IStrasbourg, 18 Mashi 1986).
  • NgoNovemba 24, 1986, uMkhandlu waseYurophu washicilela i-Directive mayelana nokulinganiselwa kokuhlinzekwa kwezomthetho, ukulawulwa nokuphathwa kwamazwe angamaLungu maqondana nokuvikelwa kwezilwane ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola nezinye izinhloso zesayensi.
  • IDIRECTION 2010/63 / EU YEPHALAMENDE LASE-EUROPE NELOMKHANDLU wangomhlaka 22 Septhemba 2010 ngokuvikelwa kwezilwane ezisetshenziselwa izinhloso zesayensi.

EBrazil, umthetho oyinhloko obhekene nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ngokwesayensi yi Umthetho No. 11.794ka-Okthoba 8, 2008, owawuhoxisa uMthetho No. 6,638, kaMeyi 8, 1979.[1]

Ezinye izindlela zokuhlolwa kwezilwane

Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu ahlukile ekuhlolweni kwezilwane akusho, kwasekuqaleni, ukuqeda lezi zindlela. Ezinye izindlela zokuhlolwa kwezilwane zavela ngo-1959, lapho uRussel noBurch behlongoza ama-3 Rs: ukushintshwa, ukunciphisa nokucwengwa.

Ngo- ukufaka ezinye izindlela ekuhlolweni kwezilwane yilezo zindlela ezithatha indawo yokusebenzisa izilwane eziphilayo. URussell noBurch bahlukanisa phakathi kokufakwa esikhundleni okuhlobene, lapho isilwane esinomgogodla sihlatshelwa ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza ngamaseli akho, izitho noma izicubu, nokushintshwa ngokuphelele, lapho ama-vertebrate athathelwa indawo amasiko amaseli womuntu, ama-invertebrate nezinye izicubu.

Mayelana ekunciphiseni, kunobufakazi bokuthi ukwakheka kokuhlola okungalungile nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo okuyiphutha kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwezilwane, izimpilo zazo zimoshwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa. kumele isebenzise izilwane ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho-ke ikomidi lokuziphatha kufanele lihlole ukuthi ukwakheka kokuhlolwa kanye nezibalo zezilwane ezizosetshenziswa zilungile. Futhi, thola ukuthi izilwane ezingaphansi kwe-phylogenetically inferior noma imibungu ingasetshenziswa yini.

Ukulungiswa kwamasu kwenza ubuhlungu obungaba khona bokuthi isilwane singahlupheka kancane noma singabikho. Inhlalakahle yezilwane kumele inakekelwe ngaphezu kwakho konke. Akufanele kube khona ukucindezeleka komzimba, kwengqondo noma kwemvelo. Kwalokhu, izinzwa zokubulala izinzwa nezidambisi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokungenelela okungenzeka, futhi kufanele kube nokucebisa kwemvelo ezindlini zezilwane, ukuze zikwazi ukuthola imvelo yazo.

Qonda kangcono ukuthi kuyini ukunothisa kwemvelo esihlokweni esikwenzile ngokunothisa imvelo kwamakati. Kuvidiyo engezansi, ungathola izeluleko zokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani ifayili le- i-hamster, ngeshwa ngesinye sezilwane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwelabhoratri emhlabeni. Abantu abaningi bamukela isilwane njengesilwane sasekhaya:

Ubuhle Nobubi Bokuhlolwa Kwezilwane

Ububi obukhulu bokusebenzisa izilwane ekuhlolweni ngu ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwezilwane, umonakalo ongaba khona kubo kanye ne- ubuhlungu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngubani ongahlupheka. Ukulahla ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kwezilwane ezihlolwayo akunakwenzeka njengamanje, ngakho-ke intuthuko kufanele iqondiswe ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwazo futhi ikuhlanganise namanye amasu afana nezinhlelo zekhompyutha nokusetshenziswa kwezicubu, kanye nokushaja abenzi bomgomo kuqinisa umthetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zilwane, ngaphezu kokuqhubeka nokwakha amakomidi okuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwalezi zilwane futhi enqabela amasu abuhlungu noma ukuphindaphindwa kocwaningo oselwenzile.

Izilwane ezisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni zisetshenziswa yibo ukufana nabantu. Izifo esihlushwa zizo zifana kakhulu nezabo, ngakho-ke konke okwakufundelwa thina nakho kwasetshenziswa kwezokwelapha izilwane. Yonke intuthuko yezokwelapha neyezilwane ibingenakwenzeka (ngeshwa) ngaphandle kwalezi zilwane. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokutshala imali kulawo maqembu esayensi akhuthaza ukuphela, esikhathini esizayo, kokuhlolwa kwezilwane futhi, okwamanje, aqhubeke nokulwela izilwane zaselebhu ungahlupheki ngalutho.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane - Yikuphi, izinhlobo nezinye izindlela, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.