Izinhlobo zezinyoni: izici, amagama nezibonelo

-Delile

• Izici zezinyoni
• izinhlobo zezinyoni
• Izibonelo zezinyoni zePaleognathae
• Izibonelo zezinyoni zeNeognathae

Izinyoni zingama-vertebrate anegazi elifudumele futhi zitholakala ngaphakathi kweqembu le-tetrapod. Ingatholakala ku- zonke izinhlobo zendawo yokuhlala nakuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngisho nasezindaweni ezibandayo njenge-Antarctica. Isici sayo esikhulu ukuba khona kwezimpaphe nokukwazi ukundiza, yize kungezona zonke ezingenza, njengoba kunezinhlobo ezithile ezilahlekelwe yileli khono. Emhlabeni wezinyoni, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi maqondana ne-morphology (ukuma komzimba), imibala nosayizi wezimpaphe, ukwakheka komlomo nezindlela zokondla.

wazi okwehlukile izinhlobo zezinyoni ezikhona nezici zazo? Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngaleli qembu lezilwane elihle, qhubeka ufunde le ndatshana ngabakwaPeritoAnimal, lapho sizokhuluma khona ngezinhlobo zezinyoni ezikhona engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlaba nemininingwane yazo ethakazelisa kakhulu.

Izici zezinyoni

Izinyoni yizinzalo eziseduzane zama-dinosaurs, ahlala eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 edlule, eJurassic. Njengoba sishilo, kunjalo izilwane endothermic (abanegazi elifudumele) abanezimpaphe ezimboze wonke umzimba wabo, uqhwaku olune-horny (olunamaseli e-keratin) futhi abanamazinyo. Izindonga zangaphambili zenzelwe ukundiza futhi, esimweni sezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingandizi ezifana nezintshe, ama-kiwis noma ama-penguin, izitho zaso zangemuva zenzelwe ukugijima, ukuhamba noma ukubhukuda. I-anatomy yabo ethile inezinguquko eziningana, ezihlobene kakhulu nokundiza nezindlela zabo zokuphila. Zinezici ezilandelayo:

• amathambo alula: amathambo anamathambo alula futhi angenalutho awanikeza ukukhanya lapho indiza.
• Kutfutfukiswa umbono: Futhi zinama-orbitals amakhulu kakhulu (izimbotshana lapho amehlo ahlaliswe khona), ngakho-ke umbono wazo ukhule kakhulu.
• Uqhwaku olumnandi: izinyoni zinomlomo ocijile onokwehlukahluka okuningi, kuya ngohlobo lwazo nendlela ezidla ngayo.
• sumugqa: futhi bane-syrinx, okuyingxenye yohlelo lwabo lomlomo futhi lapho bengakhipha khona imisindo nokucula.
• Xoxa ne-gizzard: banesivuno (ukunwebeka kwesimungulu) esisebenza ukugcina ukudla ngaphambi kokugaya futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyoka, eyingxenye yesisu futhi enesibopho sokuchoboza ukudla, imvamisa ngosizo lwamatshe amancane inyoni igwinya leyo njongo.
• ungachami: abanaso isinye somchamo, ngakho-ke, i-uric acid (izinsalela ezivela ezinso zezinyoni) ikhishwa nazo zonke izinsalela ngesimo sendle esiqinile.
• amathambo ahlanganisiwe: I-Vertebrae fusion, i-hip bone fusion, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-sternum nezimbambo ukuhlalisa imisipha yendiza.
• iminwe emine: izidladla zinezinzwane ezi-4 ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane, ezinesimo esihlukile ngokuya ngendlela yokuphila eziholayo.
• Ama-eggplants noma ama-pellets: izinhlobo eziningi zakha i-egagropyle noma ama-pellets, amakhonkolo amancane ahlanziwe akhiwa yizinsalela zezilwane ezingadliwe.
• amaqanda: njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, indlela yabo yokuzala ingeyokukhulelwa kwangaphakathi futhi babekela amaqanda omile anamaqanda afukamela ezidlekeni zawo, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zilahlekelwa izimpaphe zazo zesifuba phakathi nesikhathi sokufukamela ukuze zinikeze ukushisa okwengeziwe eqandeni.
• Ingazalwa inezimpaphe noma ingenazo: amatshwele asanda kuchanyuselwa (lapho echanyuselwa) angaba yi-altricial, okungukuthi, awanazo izimpaphe zokuzivikela futhi kufanele ahlale isikhathi eside esidlekeni ngaphansi kokunakekelwa ngabazali bawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingaba nengqondo, lapho zizalwa zinezinto ezivikela umzimba wazo, ngakho-ke, zichitha isikhathi esincane esidlekeni.
• Ukugaya okusheshayo nokusetshenziswa komzimba: ukuba ne-metabolism ephezulu futhi esheshayo kanye nokugaya nakho kuyizimo ezihlobene nezindiza.
• umoya okhethekile: uhlelo lokuphefumula ikakhulukazi, njengoba lunamaphaphu anezikhwama zomoya ezibavumela ukuhamba komoya njalo.
• ithuthukiswe isimiso sezinzwa: Yiba nesistimu yezinzwa ethuthuke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ubuchopho, obuhlobene nemisebenzi yendiza.
• Ukudla okunezinhlobonhlobo: okuhlobene nokudla kwabo, kunokuhlukahluka okubanzi kuye ngohlobo, okungadla imbewu, izithelo nezimbali, amaqabunga, izinambuzane, izidumbu (isilwane) kanye nompe, okuzoqondana ngqo nezindlela zabo zokuphila.
• ukufuduka okude: izinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle, njenge-parla emnyama (grisea ardenneinamandla okwenza ukufuduka isikhathi eside njengokumangazayo, ifinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-900 ngosuku. Thola lapha ukuthi iziphi izinyoni ezifudukayo.

izinhlobo zezinyoni

emhlabeni wonke kukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 000, futhi iningi lazo lihlukahlukene ngesikhathi seCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 edlule. Njengamanje, ahlukaniswe izizukulwane ezimbili ezinkulu:

• Paleognathae: nezinhlobo ezingaba ngama-50 ezisatshalaliswa ikakhulu eningizimu yezwe,
• I-Neognathae: yakhiwe yizo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Ngezansi, sifaka umdwebo okhombisa izinhlobo zezinyoni ezikhona ngokucacile.

Izibonelo zezinyoni zePaleognathae

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni iPalaeognathae yilezi:

• intshe (Ikamela leStruthio): iyinyoni enkulu kunazo zonke esingayithola namuhla futhi umgijimi oshesha kakhulu. Itholakala e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara.
• ama-rheas: njenge I-rhea yaseMelika, ifana nezintshe, nakuba zincane. Balahlekelwe amandla okundiza futhi bangabagijimi abasezingeni eliphezulu futhi bakhona eNingizimu Melika.
• inhambu-açu: njenge tinamus enkulu bakhona futhi eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Ziyizinyoni ezizulazulayo futhi zenza izindiza ezimfushane lapho zizizwa zisongelwa.
• ama-cassowaries: njenge i-cassowary cassowary, ekhona e-Australia naseNew Guinea, nase-emu UDromaius novaehollandiae, ekhona e-Oceania. Bobabili futhi balahlekelwe yikhono lokundiza futhi bangabahambahambayo noma abagijimi.
• ama-kiwis: endemic (ikhona kuphela endaweni eyodwa) yaseNew Zealand, njenge I-Apteryx owenii. Yizinyoni ezincane nezembulunga yonke ezinemikhuba yasemhlabeni.

Izibonelo zezinyoni zeNeognathae

Ngo- I-Neognathae aqukethe iqembu lezinyoni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi eziningi namuhla, ngakho-ke sizobiza amagama abamele bawo abaziwa kakhulu noma abatelekile kakhulu. Lapha singathola:

• izinkukhu: njenge gallus gallus, abakhona emhlabeni wonke.
• Amadada: njenge Anas sivilatrix, ekhona eNingizimu Melika.
• ijuba elivamile: njenge Columba livia, futhi isatshalaliswa kabanzi, njengoba ikhona ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
• amakhokho: njengekhukhamba evamile ICuculus canorus, inelukuluku lokwazi ukwenza umkhuba wokuzala, lapho abesifazane bezalela khona amaqanda ezidlekeni zezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Lapha uzophinde uthole umgwaqo IGeococcyx californianus, banelukuluku lokwazi ngamasiko abo ezindawo abazowondla.
• i-crane: ngezibonelo ezifana IGrus Grus ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu nokukwazi ukufuduka amabanga amade.
• izinhlanzi zasolwandle: Ngokwesibonelo i-larus occidentalis, izinyoni zasolwandle ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo ezinamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu (ibanga ukusuka ekugcineni kuye ekugcineni kwamaphiko).
• Izinyoni ezidla inyama: njengokhozi lwasebukhosini, Ama-Aquila chrysaetos, izinhlobo ezinobukhulu obukhulu nokundiza okuhle kakhulu, nezikhova nezikhova, njengokhozi lwegolide Ama-Aquila chrysaetos, isici sezimpaphe zayo ezimhlophe kangako.
• amaphengwini: nabamele abangafika ku-1.20 m ukuphakama, njenge-emperor penguin (Ama -ptenodyte forsteri).
• izindwandwe: njenge I-Ardea alba, isatshalaliswa kabanzi emhlabeni futhi ingenye yeqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke.
• izinyoni: ngama-reps amancane afana UMellisuga helenae, ethathwa njengenyoni encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
• kingfisher: njenge Alcedo atthis, ihlaba umxhwele ngemibala yayo ekhanyayo nekhono layo elihle kakhulu lokudoba.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izinhlobo zezinyoni: izici, amagama nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.