Izinhlobo ze-Amphibian - Izici, Amagama nezibonelo

Umlobi: Peter Berry
Usuku Lokudalwa: 15 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 14 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
Stress, Portrait of a Killer - Full Documentary (2008)
Ividiyo: Stress, Portrait of a Killer - Full Documentary (2008)

-Delile

Igama lama-amphibians (amphi-bios) livela esiGrekini futhi lisho ukuthi "zombili izimpilo". Lokho kungenxa yokuthi umjikelezo wayo wokuphila uyadlula phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba. Lezi zidalwa eziyinqaba ziguqula indlela yazo yokuphila nokubukeka kukho konke ukukhula kwazo. Iningi lasebusuku futhi linobuthi. Abanye baze babuthane ukuze bacule ebusuku lapho lina. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, zingesinye sezilwane ezinomgogodla ezithakazelisa kakhulu.

Njengamanje, zingaphezu kuka-7 000 izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezichazwe, zasatshalaliswa cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila ekhethekile, baningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi lezi zilwane kangcono? Ngakho-ke ungaphuthelwa le ndatshana yePeritoAnimal ekhuluma ngokuhlukile izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izici zazo, amagama nezibonelo banelukuluku lokwazi.


Yini i-amphibian?

Ama-amphibians amanje (isigaba Amphibia) yizilwane ama-vertebrate we-non-amniote tetrapod. Lokhu kusho ukuthi banamathambo omathambo, banemilenze emine (yingakho igama elithi tetrapod) futhi bazalela amaqanda ngaphandle kwezingqamuzana zokuzivikela. Ngenxa yaleli qiniso lokugcina, amaqanda abo azwela kakhulu ukoma, futhi kufanele abekwe emanzini. Kula maqanda, kuvela izibungu zasemanzini okuthi kamuva zibe nenqubo yenguquko eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa komzimba. Yile ndlela ama-amphibians aba ngayo abantu abadala abasemhlabeni. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu umjikelezo wempilo yamaxoxo.

Yize ubonakala ubuntekenteke obubonakalayo, ama-amphibian asebenze amakoloni amaningi emhlabeni futhi azivumelanisa nawo imvelo ehlukene kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Ngalesi sizathu, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezinokwehlukahluka okukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yenani elikhulu lokuhlukile okungahambelani nencazelo esiyethule ngenhla.


Izici ze-Amphibian

Ngenxa yokwehluka kwazo okukhulu, kunzima kakhulu ukukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezihlukile zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezifanayo. Kodwa-ke, siqoqe izici zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, okukhombisa ukuthi iziphi ezihlukile. Lezi izici eziyinhloko zasemanzini:

  • tetrapodi: Ngaphandle kukaCecilias, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemaphandleni zinamabhangqa amabili emilenze aphela ngemilenze. Ama-paws ngokuvamile anamawebhu nezinzwane ezine, noma ngabe kukhona okuhlukile okuningi.
  • FORuyazwela: Zinesikhumba esincanyana kakhulu, esingenazikali futhi esizwelayo ekomeni, yingakho kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sihlale simanzi futhi sishise ngokulingene.
  • anobuthi: Ama-Amphibian anezindlala esikhunjeni sawo ezikhiqiza izinto zokuzivikela. Ngalesi sizathu, isikhumba sakho sinobuthi uma sidliwe noma uma sihlangana namehlo akho. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo aziyona ingozi kubantu.
  • ukuphefumula kwesikhumba: Iningi lezilwane eziphila nasemanzini liphefumula ngesikhumba salo ngakho-ke njalo lisigcine simanzi. Izilwane eziningi eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zengezela lolu hlobo lokuphefumula ngokuba khona kwamaphaphu, kanti ezinye zinezifo ezimpilweni zazo zonke. Ungafunda kabanzi ngale ndaba esihlokweni sokuthi ama-amphibians aphefumula kuphi futhi kanjani.
  • U-Ectothermy: ukushisa komzimba kuncike endaweni lapho izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zitholakala khona. Ngalesi sizathu, kujwayelekile ukubabona bethamela ilanga.
  • ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi: ama-amphibians anobulili obuhlukile, okungukuthi, kukhona abesilisa nabesifazane. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bayashada ukuze kwenzeke ukukhulelwa, okungaba ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kowesifazane.
  • oviparous: abesifazane bazalela amaqanda asemanzini anezingubo ezincanyana ze-gelatinous. Ngalesi sizathu, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zincike ebukhoneni bamanzi noma umswakama ekukhiqizweni kwazo. Ambalwa kakhulu ama-amphibians azivumelanise nezindawo ezomile ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwe-viviparity, futhi lawa awabeki amaqanda.
  • intuthuko engaqondile: emaqandeni achamisela izibungu zasemanzini eziphefumula ngemithambo. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwabo, babhekana nokuguqulwa kwesimo okungaba nzima ngokwengeziwe, lapho bathola khona izici zabantu abadala. Amanye ama-amphibians akhombisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile futhi awenzi i-metamorphosis.
  • isikhathi sasebusuku: Iningi lasemanzini lisebenza kakhulu ebusuku, lapho lizingela futhi lizala. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi ziyashona.
  • Izidliwayo: izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ziyizilwane ezidla inyama zisesimweni sokukhula kwazo futhi zondla kakhulu ezingenamgogodla. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izibungu zabo ziyizilwane ezidla utshani futhi zidla ulwelwe, ngaphandle kokumbalwa.

Njengoba sesishilo, enye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ukuthi badlula inqubo yoguquko ebizwa nge-metamorphosis. Ngezansi, sibonisa isithombe esimele i i-amphibian metamorphosis.


Izinhlobo zama-amphibians namagama awo

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-amphibians:

  • I-Cecilias noma i-apodas (oda i-Gymnophiona).
  • AmaSalamanders nama-newts (oda i-Urodela).
  • Amaxoxo namasele (oda u-Anura).

UCecilia noma i-Apoda (iGymnophiona)

I-Cecilias noma i-Apoda yizinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-200 ezisatshalaliswa emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Bangama-vermiform amphibians, okungukuthi, we umumo side futhi cylindrical. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, amaCecilias awanayo imilenze kanti amanye anezikali esikhunjeni sawo.

lezi zilwane eziyinqaba zihlala wangcwatshwa emhlabathini omanzingakho-ke abaningi bayizimpumputhe. Ngokungafani nama-anuran, abesilisa banesitho sokukopisha, ngakho-ke ukuvundiswa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kowesifazane. Yonke inqubo yokuzala yehluke kakhulu emndenini ngamunye nakuzo zonke izinhlobo.

AmaSalamanders namaNewts (Urodela)

Ukuhleleka kwe-Urodelos kufaka izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-650. Lezi zilwane zibonakala ngokuba nomsila kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, okungukuthi, izibungu azilahlekelwa umsila wazo ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa komzimba. Futhi, imilenze yayo emine ifana kakhulu ngobude; ngakho-ke, zihamba ngokuhamba noma ngokukhuphuka. Njengama-caecilians, ukukhulelwa kwamaqanda kwenzeka ngaphakathi kowesifazane ngokuhlangana.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwendabuko phakathi kwama-salamanders nama-newts akunanani lentela. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezinendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni ngokuyinhloko zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-salamanders. Imvamisa zihlala enhlabathini emanzi futhi zifudukela emanzini kuphela ukuzala. Okwamanje, ama-newts achitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini.

Amaxoxo Nezinja (Anura)

Igama "a-nuro" lisho ukuthi "alunamsila". Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izibungu zala ma-amphibian, ezaziwa ngokuthi onoshobishobi, zilahlekelwa yilesi sitho ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis. Ngakho-ke, amaxoxo nabantu abadala abanawo umsila. Esinye isici sokuhlukanisa ukuthi imilenze yangemuva mide kunemilenze yangaphambili, futhi zihamba ngokugxuma. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, ukuvundiswa kwamaqanda kwenzeka ngaphandle kowesifazane.

Njengama-urodelos, umehluko phakathi kwelesele nexoxo awususelwe ku-genetics nase-taxonomy, kepha ekubukeni komuntu. Amaxoxo aqine ngokwengeziwe aziwa njengamasele, futhi ngokuvamile anemikhuba eyengeziwe yomhlaba, okwenza isikhumba sawo some futhi sishwabane ngokwengeziwe. Amaxoxo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayizilwane ezibukeka zinomusa, ama-jumpers anekhono futhi kwesinye isikhathi abagibeli. Indlela yabo yokuphila ivame ukuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nezindawo zasemanzini.

Izibonelo zama-amphibians

Kulesi sigaba, sikukhombisa izibonelo ezithile zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini. Ngokuqondile, sikhethe ezinye zezinhlobo zokufuna ukwazi. Ngale ndlela, uzokwazi ukuqonda kangcono izici eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini.

  • I-Mexican Cecilia noma i-tshweleza (I-Dermophis mexicanus): lawa ma-caecilians ayiviviparous. Imibungu yabo ikhula ngaphakathi kukamama izinyanga ezimbalwa. Lapho, zondla ngezimfihlo zangaphakathi ezikhiqizwa ngumama.
  • Cecilia-i-de-Koh-Tao (Ichthyophis kohtaoensis): yi-cecilia yaseThai ebeka amaqanda ayo emhlabathini. Ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi eziphila nasemanzini, umama uyawanakekela amaqanda aze achanyuselwe.
  • anphiumas (Amphiumaspp.): lezi yizinhlobo ezintathu zama-amphibian asemanzini ahlukene kakhulu, ama-cylindrical kanye ne-vestigial. A. tridactylum uneminwe emithathu, A. kusho unezimbili futhi A. umgobho ephethe eyodwa kuphela. Naphezu kokubukeka kwazo, akuzona ama-caecilians kepha ama-urodelos.
  • I-Proteus (Proteus anguinus): le urodelo yenzelwa ukuhlala ebumnyameni beminye imihume yaseYurophu. Ngalesi sizathu, abantu abadala abanamehlo, bamhlophe noma babomvana - futhi bahlala emanzini impilo yabo yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlangene, zinamakhanda acabalele, futhi ziphefumula ngezigilo.
  • Izintambo ezihamba phambili Intulo (pleurodeles walt): yi-urodelo yaseYurophu engafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-30 ubude. Ohlangothini lomzimba wakhe, kukhona umugqa wamachashazi awolintshi aqondana nemiphetho yezimbambo zakhe. Lapho bezizwa besongelwa, bayaziqokomisa, besongela labo abangabahlasela.
  • Ixoxo Elinezinwele (UTrichobatrachus robustus): Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwawo, amaxoxo anoboya awanazo izinwele, kepha kunalokho anweba isikhumba semithambo. Zisebenza ukukhulisa indawo engaphezulu yokushintshaniswa kwegesi ukuze kufakwe umoya-mpilo omningi.
  • I-Surinan Toad (ikhayithi): Lelixoxo le-Amazon libonakala ngokuba nomzimba oyisicaba ngokweqile. Abesifazane banohlobo lwenetha emhlane wabo, lapho bacwila khona futhi babambe amaqanda ngesikhathi sokubamba. Kula maqanda akuveli izibungu kodwa amaxoxo amancane.
  • Isigaxa sikaNimba (Ama-Nectophrynoidsukuvela): iselesele lase-Afrika eliphilayo. Abesifazane bazala izingane ezibukeka zifana nezomuntu omdala. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile kuyisu lokuzala elivumela ukuthi bakwazi ukuzimela emizimbeni yamanzi.

Ama-Amphibian Curiosities

Manje njengoba sesazi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, ake sibheke ezinye zezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.

ukungathandwa kwesilwane

Izilwane eziningi eziphila ezweni nasemanzini imibala ekhanyayo kakhulu. Basebenzela ukwazisa izidlo ezingaba namandla mayelana nobuthi bazo. Lezi zidalwa zikhomba umbala omkhulu wezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini njengengozi, ngakho-ke ungazidli. Ngakho-ke, bobabili bagwema ubunzima.

Isibonelo esifuna ukwazi kakhulu yi- amasele anezinsimbi zomlilo (IBombinatoridae). Lawa ma-amphibiya ase-Eurasian abonakala ngokuba nabafundi abamise okwenhliziyo kanye nesisu esibomvu, esisawolintshi noma esiphuzi. Lapho ziphazanyiswa, ziyajika noma ziveze umbala wangaphansi kwezinyawo zazo, zithathe ukuma okwaziwa nge- "unkenreflex". Ngale ndlela, izilwane ezidla ezinye zibheka umbala bese ziwuhlobanisa nengozi.

Amaxoxo aziwa kakhulu ngama-arrowhead (Dendrobatidae), amaxoxo anobuthi futhi akhazimulayo ahlala ezifundeni ze-neotropical. Ungafunda kabanzi ngezinhlobo ze-aposematic kule ndatshana mayelana nokungajabuli kwezilwane, kufaka phakathi ezinye izinhlobo zama-amphibians.

paedomorphosis

Amanye ama-urodel ane-paedomorphosis, okungukuthi, gcina izimfanelo zabo zobusha njengabantu abadala. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukukhula komzimba kuncipha, ukuze ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kuvele lapho isilwane sisenokubonakala kwesibungu. Le nqubo yaziwa njenge-neoteny futhi yilokho okwenzeka kwi-axolotl yaseMexico (I-Ambystoma mexicanumnakuProteus (Proteus anguinus).

I-pedamorphosis nayo ingenzeka ngenxa ye- ukushesha kokuvuthwa ngokocansi. Ngale ndlela, isilwane sithola amandla okuzala lapho sisenokubonakala kwesibungu. Kuyinqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-progenesis futhi yenzeka ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lweNecturus, olutholakala eNyakatho Melika. Njenge-axolotl, lawa ma-urodel agcina ama-gill awo futhi ahlala unomphela emanzini.

Ama-amphibians asengozini

Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-3 200 zasemanzini zisengozini yokuqothulwa, okungukuthi, cishe isigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka ezisazotholakala ngenxa yokutholakala kwazo. Enye yezinsongo ezinkulu kuma-amphibians yikhunta le-chytrid (I-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), esivele icishe amakhulu ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukwanda okusheshayo kwalesi fungus kungenxa ye- izenzo zomuntu, njengokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukushushumbiswa kwezilwane kanye nokukhululwa kwezilwane ngokunganaki. Ngaphezu kokuba yizithwali zezifo, izilwane zasendle eziphila ezweni lakudala ngokushesha ziba izinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Zivame ukuba namandla kakhulu kunezinhlobo zomdabu, futhi zibaxoshe kude nemvelo yabo. Lokhu kunjalo ngexoxo lase-Afrika elihlukanisiwe (Xenopus laevis) kanye ne-American bullfrog (I-Lithobates catesbeianus).

Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, i- ukunyamalala kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala, njengemizimba yamanzi angenasawoti kanye namahlathi emvula, kubangela ukuthi inani labantu lasemanzini linciphe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezifana ne- Izinhlobo ze-Amphibian - Izici, Amagama nezibonelo, sincoma ukuthi ufake isigaba sethu se-Curiosities somhlaba wezilwane.